Nursing Practice Gap Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Practice Gap Paper - Essay Example This is important in guaranteeing the quality of nursing practice. Linking theory to practice would also make it easy for nurses to carry out their work in a professional way. Identification of nursing practice area In modern nursing, more nurses and health organisations are finding it necessary to work with the society as a way of improving the way the health services are delivered to the patient. This involves working closely with the family of the patient in order to ensure that the patient is getting the right care. This practice is based on the fact that when a member of the family is sick, the whole family is affected, and the whole family must be taken care of to be able to restore the health of the individual as quickly as possible. Lack of theory Although many healthcare institutions are trying to apply this practice, there is very little theoretical support for the practice. This means that, there is no guidance on how nurses should be able to apply this practice. It also m eans that, there is no standard template, which can be applied to this practice and this in turn means that individual healthcare institutions will try to implement this in their own different way (Allmark, 1995). Lack of a theoretical framework has also meant that the application of this practice in nursing is also devoid of ways in which to measure the outcome of the practice. There is, therefore, a deep need to come up with a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding master-plan on how this should be carried out (Basford & Slevin, 2006). In applying this practice without a well researched and developed framework, there is a risk that this will be applied the wrong way, and this may affect the quality of the healthcare given to patients. Current theories Although there are no scientific theories, which can be used to elucidate this practice, the science of unitary human beings theory as developed by Martha E. Rogers is one of the theories, which can be used to understand this area of practice. The Science of unitary human beings theory looks at the human body as a unit of energy, which relates with the rest of the universe, including living and non living things. This by extension can be used to explain how patients relate to their family members during the recovery period. Science of unitary human beings theoretical framework is a grand theory, which covers a lot of mini-theories about nursing. The importance of this is the fact that it focuses on the individual and how the individual relates with the world around them. Rationale for theory for this practice There is a need to develop a theory which will guide on this nursing practice. This is due to a number of important reasons. To begin with, as discussed in the introduction, practice without theory is blind. It is necessary to develop a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding motif for nurses to implement the practice. Developing a theoretical framework will aid nursing processionals to know how to practice this and how to get the best results from using the practice in nursing (Scully, 2011). Measurability through laid out expectations of the practice will also be achieved through the development of a theoretical framework. One of the fundamental uses of theory in nursing is to be able to

International Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Paper - Essay Example In economic terms the GDP is defined as the, "total market value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports." In a layman's terms the GDP is the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year. It's relevance to the business planning of the Big Auto Drive is that, it will give the company an idea on how it faired in comparison to the other similar companies and what kind of a role did it play in contributing to the GDP of the country. Another significance of the GDP is that it shows the position of the sellers and their products. Inflation is the, "persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services." (Robinson K., April 2007) In simple terms inflation is the rise in the value of commodity and fall in the value of money. The selection of Inflation as one of the macroeconomic measure of output and prices for the planning of the Big Auto Drive can be justified in many ways. Inflation has a direct impact on variables like consumption, savings and investment. Inflation affects the economic growth of the country and is the cause of higher levels of inequity in income. Relationship between macroeconomic variables and Big Auto Drive The sales data of the different commodities of Big Drive Auto shows a kind of uniform trend. The margin of disparity in sales from 98' to 07' is pretty much on an average level. For instance, table one illustrating the vehicle sales unit, shows that in the year 1998 the company sold 139 units followed by 160 in 99' then 145 in 00' and 133 in 01'. The highest number of unit sales achieved by the company was in the year 2003, the number of sold units accounting to 167. 2001 was the year the company sold the lowest number of units, 133. This shows that the difference between the maximum and the minimum number of sales in the span of 8 years from 98' to 07' is not very much. But one thing to be noted here is that from the year 03' on the sales have been on the higher side, in the 160's line. So the relevance of this data to the U.S GDP is that, the highest contribution made by the company to the country's economy in terms of vehicles' sale was in the year 2003. The data of an organizatio n also helps to map the growth rate of the GDP of a country. The fact that inflation leads to the rise in prices of goods and commodities is known to everyone. But the core knowledge of the effect of inflation on

The Lung Chronic Disease Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Nursing Essay

The Lung Chronic Disease Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Nursing Essay Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or BPD is a form of chronic lung disease that develops in preterm neonates and is treated with oxygen and positive-pressure ventilation (PPV). In this paper I will discuss exactly what bronchopulmonary dysplasia is, its pathophysiology, the etiology, its clinical presentation, and any differential diagnosis of the disease. I will also present in my research the treatment and management for the disease, its prognosis, and the sequelae. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia formerly known as Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy is a chronic lung disorder that is more prevalent in children who were born prematurely with low birthweights, and whose lungs havent had the time to fully develop. White male infants seem to be at a greater risk for development, and genetics may contribute to some of these cases. It is also very common in those who have received prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It is ironic that the treatment for RDS is considered to be the prime cause of BPD. With the treatment of RDS the patient is treated with high pressures and high FiO2 over a period of time. Its the high pressures of oxygen delivery that can result in necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolar septal injury; this action further compromises the oxygenation of blood. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is characterized by inflammation and scarring in the lungs. The signs and symptoms to watch out for are the oxygen deman ds of the infant not decreasing as they should, in some cases even increasing. Fast breathing, a fast heart rate, flared nostrils, retractions, poor weight gain, and coarse crackles may be heard upon auscultation. The pathophysiology of BPD is linked to four factors. These factors are oxygen toxicity, barotrauma, the presence of a PDA (patent ductus arteriosus), and fluid overload. Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen can lead to edema and the thickening of the alveolar membrane. When you have prolonged exposure it causes the alveolar tissues to hemorrhage and become necrotic. As the disease progresses the interstitial spaces will become fibrotic. When the lung tries to heal itself, all of the new cells are damaged by the same factors as before, and it continues in a cycle. All of this can interfere with alveolarization and lead to alveolar simplification with a reduction in the surface area for gas exchange. Any damage to the lung during a critical stage of growth will result in significant pulmonary dysfunction. With patients who have left-to-right shunting through the PDA it is more likely that they develop pulmonary congestion and worsening compliance. With this problem the patient wi ll need higher ventilatory pressures and oxygen percentages to help with ventilation and oxygenation; therefore they have a higher risk of BPD. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia develops as a result of an infants lungs becoming irritated or inflamed. The lungs of premature infants are very fragile and arent fully developed, and therefore they can become easily irritated. Ventilators are used to help with the breathing by using pressure to blow air into the airways and lungs. However it is the pressures used that can irritate and harm a premature infants lungs, so they are used only when absolutely needed. Sometimes oxygen therapy is given to make sure that the infants brains, hearts, livers, and kidneys get enough oxygen to work properly. However in some cases high levels of oxygen can inflame the lining of the lungs and injure the airways, it can also slow lung development. Another cause is infections that can inflame the underdeveloped lungs of premature infants. With this problem it causes narrowing of the airways and makes it harder for infants to breathe. Lung infections can also increase the need for extra oxygen and breathin g support which in turn leads to the ventilation and extra oxygen requirements. There are some studies also show that heredity plays a role in causing BPD. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia will have abnormal findings on physical exams, chestx-rays, pulmonary function testing, and histopathologic examinations. Initial findings observed shortly after birth are consistent with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Persistence of these abnormalities can be associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Physical examination may reveal tachypnea, tachycardia, increased work of breathing, including retractions, nasal flaring, and grunting, as well as frequent desaturations and significant weight loss during the first 10 days of life. Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia are often extremely immature and had a very low birth weight. Their requirements for oxygen and ventilatory support often increase in the first 2 weeks of life. At weeks 2-4, oxygen supplementation, ventilator support, or both are often increased to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Dif DX Atelectasis refers to collapse of part of the lung. It may include a lung subsegment or the entire lung and is almost always a secondary phenomenon, with no sex or race proclivities; however, it may occur more frequently in younger children than in older children and adolescents. The direct morbidity from atelectasis is transient hypoxemia due to blood flowing through the lung, which does not have normal air flow. The blood does not pick up oxygen from the corresponding alveoli. This shunting results in transient hypoxemia. Hypertension Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the more common congenital heart defects. The presentation widely varies. Depending on the size of the patent ductus arteriosus, the gestational age of the neonate, and the pulmonary vascular resistance, a premature neonate may develop life-threatening pulmonary overcirculation in the first few days of life. Conversely, an adult with a small patent ductus arteriosus may present with a newly discovered murmur well after adolescence. During fetal life, the ductus arteriosus is a normal structure that allows most of the blood leaving the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation and pass into the descending aorta. Typically, only about 10% of the right ventricular output passes through the pulmonary vascular bed. Pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections are the leading causes of death worldwide. Because pneumonia is common and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, properly diagnosing pneumonia, correctly recognizing any complications or underlying conditions, and appropriately treating patients are important. Although in developed countries the diagnosis is usually made on the basis of radiographic findings, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined pneumonia solely on the basis of clinical findings obtained by visual inspection and on timing of the respiratory rate. (See Clinical Presentation.) Pneumonia may originate in the lung or may be a focal complication of a contiguous or systemic inflammatory process. Abnormalities of airway patency as well as alveolar ventilation and perfusion occur frequently due to various mechanisms. These derangements often significantly alter gas exchange and dependent cellular metabolism in the many tissues and organs that determine survival and contribute to quality of life. Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a narrowing of the subglottic airway (see image below), which is housed in the cricoid cartilage. The subglottic airway is the narrowest area of the airway because it is a complete, nonexpandable, and nonpliable ring, unlike the trachea, which has a posterior membranous section, and the larynx, which has a posterior muscular section. Tracheomalacia is a structural abnormality of the tracheal cartilage allowing collapse of its walls and airway obstruction. A deficiency and/or malformation of the supporting cartilage exists, with a decrease in the cartilage-to-muscle ratio. Immaturity of the tracheobronchial cartilage is thought to be the cause in type I, whereas degeneration of previously healthy cartilage is thought to produce other types. Inflammatory processes, extrinsic compression from vascular anomalies, or neoplasms may produce degeneration. Diffuse malacia of the airway of the congenital origin improves by age 6-12 months as the structural integrity of the trachea is restored gradually with resolution of the process. Treatment and management Treatment in the NICU is designed to limit stress on infants and meet their basic needs of warmth, nutrition, and protection. Once doctors diagnose BPD, some or all of the treatments used for RDS will continue in the NICU. Such treatment usually includes: Using radiant warmers or incubators to keep infants warm and reduce the chances of infection. Ongoing monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and temperature through sensors taped to the babies bodies. Using sensors on fingers or toes to check the amount of oxygen in the infants blood. Giving fluids and nutrients through needles or tubes inserted into the infants veins. This helps prevent malnutrition and promotes growth. Nutrition is critical to the growth and development of the lungs. Later, babies may be given breast milk or infant formula through feeding tubes that are passed through their noses or mouths and into their throats. Checking fluid intake to make sure that fluid doesnt build up i n the babies lungs. As their condition improves, babies who have BPD are weaned or taken off NCPAP or ventilators slowly, until they can breathe on their own. These infants will likely need to continue getting oxygen therapy for some time. If your infant has moderate to severe BPD, echocardiography may be done every few weeks to months to check his or her pulmonary artery pressure. If your child needs long-term support from a ventilator, he or she will likely have a tracheostomy (TRA-ke-OS-to-me). A tracheostomy is a surgically made hole that goes through the front of the neck and into the trachea (TRA-ke-ah), or windpipe. Your childs doctor will put the breathing tube from the ventilator through the hole. Using a tracheostomy instead of an endotracheal (en-do-TRA-ke-al) tube has several advantages. (An endotracheal tube is a breathing tube inserted through the nose or mouth and into the windpipe.) Long-term use of an endotracheal tube can damage the trachea. This damage may later r equire surgery to correct. A tracheostomy may allow your baby to interact more with you and the NICU staff, start talking, and develop other skills.While your baby is in the NICU, he or she also may need physical therapy. Physical therapy can help strengthen your childs muscles and clear mucus out of his or her lungs.Infants who have BPD can recover, but many spend several weeks or months in the hospital. This allows them to get the care they need. Before your baby goes home, its important for you to learn as much as you can about your childs condition and how its treated. Your baby may continue to have some breathing symptoms after he or she leaves the hospital. Your child will likely continue on all or some of the treatments that were started at the hospital, including:Medicines, such as bronchodilators, steroids, diuretics, and caffeine. Oxygen therapy and/or breathing support from NCPAP or a ventilator. Extra nutrition and calories, which may be given through a feeding tube. Pre ventive treatment with a medicine called palivizumab for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This common virus leads to mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older, healthy children. However, in infants-especially those in high-risk groups-RSV can be more serious, leading to severe breathing problems. Your child also should have regular checkups with and timely vaccinations from a pediatrician. This is a doctor who specializes in treating children. If your child needs oxygen therapy or a ventilator at home, a pulmonary specialist may help with long-term medical care and make treatment recommendations. Mechanical ventilation In most cases of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome is diagnosed and treated. The mainstay for treating RDS has been surfactant replacement with oxygen supplementation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and mechanical ventilation. The treatment necessary to recruit alveoli and prevent atelectasis in the immature lung may cause lung injury and activate the inflammatory cascade. Trauma secondary to positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is generally referred to as barotrauma. With the recent focus on a ventilation strategy involving low versus high tidal volume, some investigators have adopted the term volutrauma. Volutrauma suggests the occurrence of lung injury secondary to excessive tidal volume from PPV. The severity of lung immaturity, the fetal milieu, and the effects of surfactant deficiency determine the need for PPV, surfactant supplementation, and resultant barotrauma or volutrauma. With severe lung immaturity, the total number of alveoli is reduced, increasing the positive pressure transmitted to distal terminal bronchioles. In the presence of surfactant deficiency, surface tension forces are increased. Some compliant alveoli may become hyperinflated, whereas other saccules with increased surface tension remain collapsed. With increasing PPV to recruit alveoli and improve gas exchange, the compliant terminal bronchiole and alveolar ducts may rupture, leaking air into the interstitium, with resultant pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE). The occurrence of PIE greatly increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Many modes of ventilation and many ventilator strategies have been studied to potentially reduce lung injury, such as synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV), high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV), and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Results have been mixed, although some theoretical benefits are associated with these alternative modes of ventilation. Although shorter duration of mechanical ventilation has been demonstrated in some trials of SIMV, most trials have not had a large enough sample size to demonstrate a reduction in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Systematic reviews suggest that optimal use of conventional ventilation may be as effective as HFOV in improving pulmonary outcomes. Regardless of the high-frequency strategy used, avoidance of hypocarbia and optimization of alveolar recruitment may decrease the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and associated of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. PPV with various forms of nasal CPAP has been reported to decrease injury to the developing lung and may reduce the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In general, centers that use gentler ventilation with more CPAP and less intubation, surfactant, and indomethacin had the lowest rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxygen and PPV frequently are life-saving in extremely preterm infants. However, early and aggressive CPAP may eliminate the need for PPV and exogenous surfactant or facilitate weaning from PPV. Some recommend brief periods of intubation primarily for the administration of exogenous surfactant quickly followed by extubation and nasal CPAP to minimize the need for prolonged PPV. This strategy may be most effective in infants without severe RDS, such as many infants with birth weights of 1000-1500 g. In infants who require oxygen and PPV, careful and meticulous treatment can minimize oxygen toxicity and lung injury. Optimal levels include a pH level of 7.2-7.3, a partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of 45-55 mm Hg, and a partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) level of 50-70 mm Hg (with oxygen saturation at 87-92%). Assessment of blood gases requires arterial, venous, or capillary blood samples. As a result, indwelling arterial lines are often inserted early in the acute management of RDS. Samples obtained from these lines provide the most accurate information about pulmonary function. Arterial puncture may not provide completely accurate samples because of patient agitation and discomfort. Capillary blood gas results, if samples are properly obtained, may be correlated with arterial values; however, capillary samples may widely vary, and results for carbon dioxide are poorly correlated. Following trends in transcutaneous PO2 andP CO2 may reduce the need for frequent blood gas measurements. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and oxygen is often difficult in infants with moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and few criteria are defined to enhance the success of extubation. When tidal volumes are adequate and respiratory rates are low, a trial of extubation and nasal CPAP may be indicated. Atrophy and fatigue of the respiratory muscles may lead to atelectasis and extubation failure. A trial of endotracheal CPAP before extubation is controversial because of the increased work of breathing and airway resistance. Optimization of methylxanthines and diuretics and adequate nutrition may facilitate weaning the infant from mechanical ventilation. Meticulous primary nursing care is essential to ensure airway patency and facilitate extubation. Prolonged and repeated intubations, as well as mechanical ventilation, may be associated with severe upper airway abnormalities, such as vocal cord paralysis, subglottic stenosis, and laryngotracheomalacia. Bronchoscopic evaluation should be considered in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in whom extubation is repeatedly unsuccessful. Surgical interventions (cricoid splitting, tracheostomy) to address severe structural abnormalities are used less frequently today than in the past. Oxygen therapy Oxygen can accept electrons in its outer ring to form free radicals. Oxygen free radicals can cause cell-membrane destruction, protein modification, and DNA abnormalities. Compared with fetuses, neonates live in a relatively oxygen-rich environment. Oxygen is ubiquitous and necessary for extrauterine survival. All mammals have antioxidant defenses to mitigate injury due to oxygen free radicals. However, neonates have a relative deficiency in antioxidant enzymes. The major antioxidant enzymes in humans are superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Activity of antioxidant enzymes tend to increase during the last trimester of pregnancy, similar to surfactant production, alveolarization, and development of the pulmonary vasculature. Increases in alveolar size and number, surfactant production, and antioxidant enzymes prepare the fetus for transition from a relatively hypoxic intrauterine environment to a relatively hyperoxic extrauterine environment. Preterm birth exposes the neonate to high oxygen concentrations, increasing the risk of injury due to oxygen free radical. Animal and human studies of supplemental superoxide dismutase and catalase supplementation have shown reduced cell damage, increased survival, and possible prevention of lung injury. Evidence of oxidation of lipids and proteins has been found in neonates who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Supplementation with superoxide dismutase in ventilated preterm infants with RDS substantially reduced in readmissions compared with placebo-treated control subjects. Further trials are currently under way to examine the effects of supplementation with superoxide dismutase in preterm infants at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Ideal oxygen saturation for term or preterm neonates of various gestational ages has not been definitively determined. In practice, many clinicians have adopted conservative oxygen saturation parameters (ie, 87-92%). A delicate balance to optimally promote neonatal pulmonary (alveolar and vascular) and retinal vascular homeostasis is noted. In the Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (STOP-ROP) trial to reduce severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), oxygen saturations of more than 95% minimally affected retinopathy but increased the risk for pneumonia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The normal oxygen requirement of a preterm infant is unknown. Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale may result from chronic hypoxia and lead to airway remodeling in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxygen is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO causes smooth muscle cells to relax by activating cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Currently, pulse oximetry is the mainstay of noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation. Repeated episodes of desaturation and hypoxia may occur in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia receiving mechanical ventilation as a result of decreased respiratory drive, altered pulmonary mechanics, excessive stimulation, bronchospasm, and forced exhalation efforts. Forced exhalation efforts due to infant agitation may cause atelectasis and recurrent hypoxic episodes. Hyperoxia may overwhelm the neonates relatively deficient antioxidant defenses and worsen bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The patients oxygen requirements are frequently increased during stressful procedures and feedings. Some NICUs have adopted a conservative oxygen saturation policy of maintaining saturations of 88-94%. Caregivers are more likely to follow wide guidelines for ranges of oxygen saturation than narrow ones. Some infants, especially those living at high altitudes, may require oxygen therapy for many months. Transfusion of packed RBCs may increase oxygen-carrying capacity in preterm infants who have anemia (hematocrit The need for multiple transfusions and donor exposures can be minimized by using iron supplementation, a reduction in phlebotomy requirements, and by use of erythropoietin administration. Treatment of inflammation Elevated levels of interleukin-6 and placental growth factor in the umbilical venous blood of preterm neonates are associated with increased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This inflammation likely affects alveolarization and vascularization of the pulmonary system of the second-trimester fetus. Fetal sheep exposed to inflammatory mediators or endotoxin develop inflammation and abnormal lung development. Activation of inflammatory mediators has been demonstrated in humans and animal models of acute lung injury. Activation of leukocytes after cell injury caused by oxygen free radicals, barotrauma, infection, and other stimuli may begin the process of destruction and abnormal lung repair that results in acute lung injury then bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Radiolabeled activated leukocytes have been recovered by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in preterm neonates receiving oxygen and PPV. These leukocytes, as well as lipid byproducts of cell-membrane destruction, activate the inflammatory cascade and are metabolized to arachidonic acid and lysoplatelet factor. Lipoxygenase catabolizes arachidonic acid, resulting in the production of cytokines and leukotrienes. Cyclooxygenase may also metabolize these byproducts to produce thromboxane, prostaglandin, or prostacyclin. All of these substances have potent vasoactive and inflammatory properties. levels of these substances are elevated in the first days of life, as measured in tracheal aspirates of preterm infants who subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Metabolites of arachidonic acid, lysoplatelet factor, prostaglandin, and prostacyclin may cause vasodilatation, increase capillary permeability with subsequent albumin leakage, and inhibit surfactant function. This effects increase oxygenation and ventilation requirements and potentially increase rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B in early postnatal life is associated with death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Collagenase and elastase are released from activated neutrophils. These enzymes may directly destroy lung tissue because hydroxyproline and elastin (breakdown products of collagen and elastin) have been recovered in the urine of preterm infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Alpha1-proteinase inhibitor mitigates the action of elastases and is activated by oxygen free radicals. Increased activity and decreased function of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor may worsen lung injury in neonates. A decrease in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and in the need for continued ventilator support is found in neonates given supplemental alpha1-proteinase inhibitor. All of these findings suggest the fetal inflammatory response effects pulmonary development and substantially contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The self-perpetuating cycle of lung injury is accentuated in the extremely preterm neonate with immature lungs. Management of infection Maternal cervical colonization and/or colonization in the neonate with Ureaplasma urealyticum has been implicated in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Viscardi and colleagues found that persistent lung infection with U urealyticum may contribute to chronic inflammation and early fibrosis in the preterm lung, leading to pathology consistent with clinically significant bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[13] Systematic reviews have concluded that infection with U urealyticum is associated with increased rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infection-either antenatal chorioamnionitis and funisitis or postnatal infection-may activate the inflammatory cascade and damage the preterm lung, resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In fact, any clinically significant episode of sepsis in the vulnerable preterm neonate greatly increases his or her risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, especially if the infection increases the babys requirement for oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Future management Future management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia will involve strategies that emphasize prevention. Because few accepted therapies currently prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia, many therapeutic modalities (eg, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, nutritional support, medication) are used to treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Practicing neonatologists have observed reduced severities of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the postsurfactant era. Maintaining PPV and oxygen therapy for longer than 4 months and discharging patients to facilities for prolonged mechanical ventilation is now unusual. Medication Summary Many drug therapies are used to treat infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The efficacy, exact mechanisms of action, and potential adverse effects of these drugs have not been definitively established. A study group from the NICHD and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviewed many of the drugs used to prevent and treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Walsh and colleagues concluded that detailed analyses of many of these treatments, as well as long-term follow-up, are needed.[15] Vitamin A supplementation Seven trials of vitamin A supplementation in preterm neonates to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia were analyzed for the Cochrane Collaborative Neonatal review. Vitamin A supplementation reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. However, the need for frequent intramuscular injections in extremely premature infants has precluded widespread use of this therapy. Diuretics Furosemide (Lasix) is the treatment of choice for fluid overload in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. It is a loop diuretic that improves clinical pulmonary status and function and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance. Daily or alternate-day furosemide therapy may facilitate weaning from positive pressure ventilation (PPV), oxygenation, or both. Adverse effects of long-term therapy are frequent and include hyponatremia, hypokalemia, contraction alkalosis, hypocalcemia, hypercalciuria, renal stones, nephrocalcinosis, and ototoxicity. Careful parenteral and enteral nutritional supplementation is required to maximize the benefits instead of exacerbating the adverse effects. In patients with mild hyponatremia or hypokalemia, supplementation with potassium chloride is favored over supplementation with sodium chloride. Thiazide diuretics plus aldosterone inhibitors (eg, spironolactone [Aldactone]) have also been used in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In several trials of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, thiazide diuretics combined with spironolactone increased urine output with or without improvement in pulmonary mechanics. Hoffman et al reported that spironolactone did not reduce the need for supplemental electrolytes in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[16] To the present authors knowledge, long-term studies to compare the efficacy of furosemide with those of thiazide and spironolactone therapy have not been performed. Bronchodilators Albuterol is a specific beta2-agonist used to treat bronchospasm in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Albuterol may improve lung compliance by decreasing airway resistance by relaxing smooth muscle cell. Changes in pulmonary mechanics may last as long as 4-6 hours. Adverse effects include increased blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. Ipratropium bromide is a muscarinic antagonist that is related to atropine; however, it may have bronchodilator effects more potent than those of albuterol. Improvements in pulmonary mechanics were demonstrated in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia after they received ipratropium bromide by inhalation. Combined therapy with albuterol and ipratropium bromide may be more effective than either agent alone. Few adverse effects are noted. Methylxanthines are used to increase respiratory drive, decrease apnea, and improve diaphragmatic contractility. These substances may also decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and increase lung compliance in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, probably by directly causing smooth muscle to relax. Methylxanthines also have diuretic effects. All of these effects may increase success in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Synergy between theophylline and diuretics has been demonstrated. Theophylline has a half-life of 30-40 hours. It is metabolized primarily to caffeine in the liver and may result in adverse effects such as increase in heart rate, gastroesophageal reflux, agitation, and seizures. The half-life of caffeine is approximately 90-100 hours, and caffeine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Both agents are available in intravenous and enteral formulations. Caffeine has fewer adverse effects than theophylline. Schmidt and colleagues reported that the early use of caffeine to treat apnea of prematurity appeared to reduce ventilatory requirements and that it may decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[17] Corticosteroids Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids have been studied extensively in preterm infants to prevent and treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Dexamethasone is the primary systemic synthetic corticosteroid studied in preterm neonates. Dexamethasone has many pharmacologic benefits but clinically significant adverse effects. This drug stabilizes cell and lysosomal membranes, increases surfactant synthesis, increases serum vitamin A concentration, inhibits prostaglandin and leukotriene, decreases pulmonary edema (PE), breaks down granulocyte aggregates, and improves pulmonary microcirculation. Its adverse effects are hyperglycemia, hypertension, weight loss, GI bleeding or perforation, cerebral palsy, adrenal suppression, and death. Many researchers have evaluated the effects of early administration of dexamethasone to prevent bronchopulmonary dyspl

Lies And Deceit :: essays research papers

False identities, lies and deceit, Lucentio from The Taming Of The Shrew and Tom from The Talented Mr. Ripley did all of these things. They both lied about what they like or what they did. They both took false identities to get the girl that they wanted to like them. Though they have many similarities comedies and dramas end very differently. The Talented Mr. Ripley is a drama and ends in tragedy, The Taming Of The Shrew is a comedy and ends with happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lucentio and Tom both lied to get what they wanted from people who were supposed to be able to trust them. Lucentio lied about where he was from and that he was a schoolmaster there to teach Bianca. Tom lied about going to Princeton with Dickey Greenleaf, liking jazz, liking sailing and art. Tom’s lie wasn’t as bad as lucentio’s but he still wasn’t being honest about who he rally was. Lucentio’s more serious and harder to get out of. â€Å"Luc/Cam. I read that I profess, the art of love.†(IV, ii, 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both of the characters took false identities to get the girl that they liked. Lucentio said he was a schoolmaster named Cambio to be able to get close and get to know Bianca so she would fall in love with him. Lucentio worked with his friend Tranio getting more people involved in his lies and false identities. â€Å"Tra. You will be a schoolmaster / and undertake the teaching of the maid/† (I, I, 197 – 205). Tom told the girl he liked that his name was Dickey Greenleaf the son of a rich boat owner so the girl would think that he was rich and famous. This time Tom’s false identity was more serious because his ended in tragedy and deceit, Lucentio’s ended with him getting Bianca. A comedy ends differently than a drama in that a comedy everything is normal at the end order in the world is restored, but at the end of a drama tragedy occurs usually in murder but also with betrayal. The Talented Mr. Ripley ends with Tom’s lies being exposed, people getting killed and people being betrayed by Tom. In The Taming Of The Shrew the characters all get the girl or change the girl for the better but everything that happens is for the better.

A Doll’s House: a Marriage Revealed

In the play A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibson, Torvald and Nora have an unacceptable marriage that only leads to problems. The marriage, and the household, is overrun by male dominance that prevents Nora and Torvald from complete love and marital respect. Relating to the play’s name, Torvald treats Nora, and even his children, as his dolls, expecting them to be as he wants. As the play progresses, we see the truth of the. The play was set in the late 1800’s, so in this time it was customary for the man to be the provider and the woman do what she is told.However, Torvald took it to the next step in believing that Nora and his kids were there for him to dictate in every way. Nora doesn’t help the situation as she has become fully dependent on Torvald, just as she was with her father. Torvald seems to take this to his advantage and uses her for whatever he wants or needs, right down to whom she is supposed to speak, and what she has to tell Torvald. After Krog stad confronts Nora about putting in a good word for him, Torvald comes in and begins to question Nora about it, at a point in which they exchange these words:HELMER: Nora, Nora, and you could fall for that? Talk with that sort of person and promise him anything? And then in bargain, tell me an untruth? NORA: An untruth–? HELMER: Didn’t you say that no one had been here? (wagging his finger) My little songbird must never do that again. A songbird needs a clean beak to warble with. No false notes. That’s the way it should be, isn’t it? Yes, I’m sure of it. And so, enough of that. As it can be seen, Torvald puts the hold on Nora that she can only have certain relations, and if he asks of something she must tell him everything.This kind of hold can make any serious matter somewhat tense, or even awkward, which is why their marriage lacks anything beyond light and playful. Torvald refers to Nora with nicknames such as â€Å"squirrel† and â€Å" spendthrift†, which are little pet names he has given her that show what place he puts her in. He uses these names when he is having her do something he wants her to do, Nora seems to like these names, and whenever referred to as one, she does little dances and acts to keep Torvalds’ attention.Due to how Nora’s father was, she is used to this kind of treatment where she is Torvalds’ doll, and he does with her what he wants. It has made her completely dependent on him and allows him to make every decision for her, from what she and the kids should do, to what costume she is to wear to their party. As the play progresses, we see the realization build up more and more in Nora as things with Krogstad and the loan forgery become more and more involved. She becomes a little more distant form Torvald every time they have a conversation, and his ways don’t change.At the end, Torvald receives Krogstads’ letter revealing what all is truly going on, and that Nora forged her father’s signature to get money to save Torvald’s life. Krogstad will be using it to his advantage, and Torvald unleashes his anger on Nora, demeaning her and claiming she has practically ruined his life. In the midst of his raid, he lets it all be known: HELMER: Oh, what an awful awakening! In all these eight years—she who was my pride and joy—a hypocrite, a liar—worse, worse—a criminal! How infinitely disgusting it all is! The shame!I should have suspected something of the kind. I should have known. All your father’s flimsy values have come out in you. No religion, no morals, no sense of duty—Oh, how I’m punished for letting him off! I did it for your sake, and you repay me like this! Torvald continues on, until Krogstad sends another letter to let Torvald know that things have changed and he needs not to worry. At this point, Torvald begins to act like everything is okay and Nora should feel the same, but she has decided to leave. Nora and Torvald sit down and she begins to tell him how she really feels.She finally realizes that she is his doll, and not even her own person. She now wants to go out on her own and find her own thoughts and beliefs and become someone real. In conclusion, they come to see that in their eight years of marriage, there has never been real true love, or any true communication, which ultimately brought the marriage. Torvald doesn’t seem to quite grasp it all, or why the greatest miracle would be their living together in a true marriage. But, after all he has put her through, they could never live in true marital bliss, or even with just true feelings towards each other.

Employment Prospects at the Department of Homeland Security

Amongst young individuals contemplating their career aspirations, those who consider a career in government service are hardly a majority. However, government service covers a broad range of employment opportunities. These opportunities find use of almost any discipline or degree imaginable. The Department of Homeland Security is no exception. Despite being the youngest of the U. S government’s federal agencies, the DHS is one of its largest, concerned with coordinating efforts with other agencies and private industry to obtain and enhance the security of the American homeland.(Jones, 2006) As such, the Department of Homeland Security is also the fastest growing and most occupationally diverse of the federal agencies. Despite the economic recession, the employment opportunities within the federal sector have continued to grow since 2001, particularly in areas of civil employment within the executive branch. (Riechmann, 2009) This job growth is credited largely to the emergence of the DHS, which created a demand for a broad range of individuals with a diverse set of skills and talents pertinent to its duties.Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that the Obama administration has recently signed calls for increased funding to create job opportunities. A majority of this is in the private sector, but a substantial amount (about 3 billion U. S. dollars) is directed towards jobs in the DHS as well (DHS, 2009) The Bureau of Labor and Statistics projects job growth in the entirety of the homeland security sector to be about 42% (Stone, 2009b) The DHS emerged as a result of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which was passed as a response to the successful attacks known as 9/11.Kyle Stone, editor of the civilian government employee community resource GovCentral notes that in effect, the DHS represents the â€Å"centralization of hundreds of smaller U. S. government industries,† and college graduates can rea sonably conclude that the DHS is less a specialized branch with specific functions, but an organization with broad range in spite of the specificity of its goals. The DHS oversees the U. S. infrastructure, technology, transportation, borders and a diverse array of research projects and scenario planning initiatives in the interest of promoting and developing homeland security.(Stone, 2009; Stone, 2009a; Gressle, 2004) Hutton and Mydlarz (2004) mirror Stone’s observation, noting that the DHS is a coordination of various skill sets. As such, they note in their guide to careers in homeland security that opportunities exist for almost any field imaginable. Number-crunchers and pattern specialists face prospects in the area of information analysis, while science majors can, with further study, find themselves in the area of radiological, biochemical, radiological and nuclear defense.Furthermore, security needs are highly specific in the areas of aviation and transportation infrast ructure. As such, the DHS is a large pool of employment opportunity to be tapped by fresh graduates. Still, there are many who consider the Department of Homeland Security no better than any other area of government service, and as such regard it with the similarly dim view accorded to other federal branches. Riechmann (2009) notes that in the face of recession, federal jobs have remained stable with regards to insurance and health care benefits as well as employment security.As such, the popular assumption that the private sector is a more lucrative area has been destabilized by recession, making federal jobs fare better to those who feel uncertain about their financial and employment welfare. Between the rapid growth of the homeland security sector in years recent and yet to come, the number of jobs present to a diverse set of educational disciplines and the stability of benefits and security of employment, the Department of Homeland Security proves to be full of opportunity, maki ng it an ideal start for college graduates uncertain as to where to find a promising career.REFERENCES Jones, E. (2006) â€Å"Careers in homeland security: Many jobs, one mission. † Occupational Outlook Quarterly. Riechmann, D. (2009, February 2) â€Å"As unemployment rises, Uncle Sam has jobs. † Associated Press. Retrieved online on July 22, 2009 from: http://www. foxnews. com/wires/2009Feb02/0,4670,FedsPaddingPayrolls,00. html Department of Homeland Security. â€Å"The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. † DHS. Gov Gressle, S. S. (2004, January 14) â€Å"Department of Homeland Security: Organization Chart. † Congressional Research Service. Retrieved online on July 22, 2009 from: http://www.ndu. edu/library/docs/crs/crs_rs21366_14jan04. pdf Stone, K. (2009a). â€Å"Growing Federal Jobs: Homeland Security. † GovCentral. Retrieved online on July 22, 2009 from: http://www. govcentral. com/benefits/articles/2055-growing-federal-jobs-homela nd-security Stone, K. (2009b) â€Å"The 9 Fastest Growing Gov’t Industries. † GovCentral. Retrieved online on July 22, 2009 from: http://www. govcentral. com/benefits/articles/2047-the-9-fastest-growing-govt-industries Hutton, D. B. & Mydlarz, A. (2003) Guide to Homeland Security Careers. Barron’s Educational Series: Hauppage, New York.

How the Meanings of Words Change

How the Meanings of Words Change Stick around long enough and youll notice that language changes- whether you like it or not. Consider this recent report from columnist Martha Gill on the redefinition of the word literally: Its happened. Literally the most misused word in the language has officially changed definition. Now as well as meaning in a literal manner or sense; exactly: the driver took it literally when asked to go straight over the traffic circle, various dictionaries have added its other more recent usage. As Google puts it, literally can be used to acknowledge that something is not literally true but is used for emphasis or to express strong feeling. . . .Literally, you see, in its development from knock-kneed, single-purpose utterance, to swan-like dual-purpose term, has reached that awkward stage. It is neither one nor the other, and it cant do anything right.(Martha Gill, Have We Literally Broken the English Language? The Guardian [UK], August 13, 2013) Changes in word meanings (a process called semantic shift) happen for various reasons and in various ways. Four common types of change are broadening, narrowing, amelioration, and pejoration. (For more detailed discussions of these processes, click on the highlighted terms.) BroadeningAlso known as generalization or extension, broadening is the process by which a words meaning becomes more inclusive than an earlier meaning. In Old English, for instance, the word dog referred to just one particular breed, and thing meant a public assembly. In contemporary English, of course, dog can refer to many different breeds, and thing can refer to, well, anything.NarrowingThe opposite of broadening is narrowing (also called specialization or restriction), a type of semantic change in which a words meaning becomes less inclusive. For example, in Middle English, deer could refer to any animal, and girl could mean a young person of either sex. Today, those words have more specific meanings.AmeliorationAmelioration refers to the upgrading or rise in status of a words meaning. For example, meticulous once meant fearful or timid, and sensitive meant simply capable of using ones senses.PejorationMore common than amelioration is the downgrading or depreciation of a words me aning, a process called pejoration. The adjective silly, for instance, once meant blessed or innocent, officious meant hard working, and aggravate meant to increase the weight of something. Whats worth keeping in mind is that meanings dont change over night. Different meanings  of the same word often overlap, and new meanings can co-exist with older meanings for centuries. In linguistic terms, polysemy is the rule, not the exception. Words are by nature incurably fuzzy, says linguist Jean Aitchison in the book Language Change: Progress Or Decay. In  recent years, the adverb literally has become exceptionally fuzzy. In fact, it has slipped into the rare category of Janus words, joining terms like sanction, bolt, and fix that contain opposite or contradictory meanings. Martha Gill concludes that theres not much we can do about literally. The awkward stage that its going through may last for quite some time. It is a moot word, she says. We just have to leave it up in its bedroom for a while until it grows up a bit. More About Language Change The Endless Decline of the English LanguageThe Great Vowel ShiftInconceivable!: 5 Words That May Not Mean What You Think They MeanKey Dates in the History of the English LanguageSix Common Myths About LanguageSemantic Change and the Etymological Fallacy

The Difference Between a Phase and State of Matter

The Difference Between a Phase and State of Matter The matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. States of matter are the physical form taken by the phases of matter. Although the state and phase dont mean quite the same thing, youll often  hear the two terms used interchangeably. The States of Matter States of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. Under extreme conditions, other states exist, such as  s  Bose–Einstein condensates  and  neutron-degenerate matter.  The state is the form taken by matter at a given temperature and pressure. Phases of Matter A phase of matter is uniform with respect to its physical and chemical  properties. Matter undergoes phase transitions to change from one phase to another.  The primary phases of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.   Examples At room temperature and pressure, the state of a piece of dry ice (carbon dioxide) would be solid and gas phases. At 0  °C, the state of water can be the solid, liquid, and/or  gas phase. The state of water in a glass is the liquid phase. Learn More Diagram of Phase ChangesPhases of Matter and Phase Diagrams4 The Main States of Matter

17 SAT Hacks to Help You Ace the Exam

17 SAT Hacks to Help You Ace the Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Standardized tests have a reputation for presenting questions in formats that are tricky and confusing. Wouldn't it be great if there was a way to get past all that and take a shortcut to the correct answer? This article provides expert SAT hacks to help you solve SAT questions that might otherwise leave you stumped! Can You Actually â€Å"Hack† the SAT? Well, yes and no. Quick tidbits of advice like the ones in this articlecan prevent you from squandering your potential and teach you how to work with the test to earn the best score possible. However, you can’t rely on shortcuts to arrive at an excellent score if you’re missing knowledge that is critical for understanding essential aspects of the test. Be warned that these SAT hacks, though helpful,are no substitute for in-depth studying, especially if you struggle with the content at a fundamental level.If you think you need prep that addresses deeper weaknesses, you should check out our complete guide on how to study for the SAT. Overall SAT Hacks Here are some tricks you can use on any part of the SAT to help you get through the section and earn the most points possible. #1: Answer Every Question (No Matter What) The SAT doesn’t have a guessing penalty, so you should fill in an answer bubble for every question even if you have no clue what the correct response is.If you find yourself with a few questions left in the section and only 30 seconds on the clock, you should provide random answers for all of them.You never know if you’ll get lucky and answer one or two correctly, and even if you don’t, your score won’t be any lower than if you had left the questions blank. #2: Be Prepared for the Format Knowing what to expect is half the battle on the SAT.When you sit down to take the test, you want everything to look familiar so you can avoid mistakes triggered by stress. At the very least, you shouldreview the timing and structure of the exambefore test day.Taking practice tests with appropriate time constraints is the best thing you can do to alleviate confusion on this front. #3: Don’t Linger on Hard Questions Getting stuck on one question for too long can do serious damage to your performance on the SAT, especially considering the fact that there are only four sections.If you have no idea how to solve a math problem or can’t seem to settle on one choice for a writing or reading question, skip it and move on.You can come back to it after you make it through the rest of the section. #4: Practice Managing Anxiety Especially if you’re hoping to earn a really high score, coming across a problem that stumps you can kill your momentum on the test.To avoid this pitfall, you need to establish coping mechanisms to deal with these moments of doubt without letting them affect your overall performance. Mindfulness techniques are a great tool to have in your arsenal. Check out this article for more tips on how to reduce test anxiety! Imagine you're not taking the SAT. Instead, you're floating on a serene lake under a beautiful blue sky. You still have to stay awake, though. Seriously, don't fall asleep. SAT Reading Hacks Here are a few more SAT hacks that are specific to the content and format of the SAT Reading section. #5: Plan a Passage Reading Strategy Don’t jump into the test without deciding how you plan to approach passages on the Reading section.Are you more comfortable with skimming, or do you like to read the questions first and then go back and reference the passage to locate the answers? Complete apractice Reading section with appropriate time constraints so you can figure out what feels most comfortable for you and makes for the fewest struggles with time management. #6: Take Advantage of Find the Evidence Questions Find the evidence questions on the SAT are a gift because they help make the correct answers to the previous questions clearer.If none of the answer choices for a find the evidence question make sense in conjunction with your answer to the previous question, this should prompt you to double-check your reasoning.These questions remind you that you need to choose answers to Reading questions based on concrete statements made in the passage.If you made any unfounded assumptions, find the evidence questions will alert you to your mistakes. #7: Engage With the Content It’s much easier to get through the Reading section if you develop an interest in what the passages have to say.You’ll also retain more information from the passage when you move onto the questions. To get yourself interested, envision a scenario in which it's absolutely critical for you to remember what the passage says so you can explain it to other people. Imagine that you'll be presenting the information in the passage to another group of students after you finish reading it. "Notice anything different about me? Teehee" Denise, I accept that love is love, but you just met the SAT Reading section a week ago. YOU'VE BEEN HURT TOO MANY TIMES. SAT Writing Hacks These hacks will give you some insight into the way Writing questions work and how you can answer them more efficiently. #8: When in Doubt, Choose the Most Concise Answer The shortest answer is often the best answer on the Writing section because good writing consists of saying what needs to be said without any unnecessary fluff.Super wordy answers are usually not the ones you want.Of course, this doesn’t hold true for every single question, but it’s a solid rule of thumb if you’re stuck. #9: NO CHANGE Answers Are Just Like Other Choices Often, NO CHANGE answers are wrongfully viewed as more likely or less likely options than other answer choices in the Writing section. In fact, they’re just as likely to be correct as any of the alternative options. Don’t be afraid to pick NO CHANGE if you’ve double checked your reasoning and determined that it’s the correct choice. #10: Get Rid of Duplicate Answers Sometimes, questions on the Writing section will have answer choices that are so similar to one another that choosing one over the other wouldn’t make any functional difference in the sentence structure. Thismeans you can get rid of two choices in one fell swoop.If they’re essentially the same answers, then neither of them is unique enough to be the correct choice.Here's an example: In this case, C and D are functionally the same answers. They both indicate that the author is about to make a statement that goes against what was said in the previous sentence or sentences. Both C and D can be eliminated (the answer is NO CHANGE for this question). Sometimes answer options are just two halves of the same bad berry. This strawberry actually looks really good though. SAT Math Hacks The SAT has two Math sections, one taken without the use of a calculator and one taken with the use of a calculator.On both of these sections, you can use the following SAT hacksto improve your performance. #: Don’t Ignore Diagrams In many cases, the test will provide a diagram to help illustrate a math problem.These diagrams exist for your benefit, so make sure you pay attention to all the information they give you.Does your answer mesh with the way the diagram looks?If you’re asked to find a dimension of a shape, make sure the relative sizes make sense. Your final answer shouldn’t seem out of whack with what the diagram is telling you. #12: Know the Formulas Although the SAT does provide important formulas at the beginning of each of the Math sections, you’ll be a much more efficient test-taker if you have the formulas memorized.It's a waste of time to keep flipping back to the beginning of the section whenever you think you need a formula to solve a problem. For studying purposes, here'sa list of all the formulas you might need for the SAT Math section. #13: Underline Your Goal To keep yourself on track in the Math section, underline the value that you need to find (and circle it in the diagram if applicable).It's frustrating to confidently solve a math problem and later realize that you had to take your calculations one step further to actually get the answer the question wanted. In many cases, the wrong answers will be answers that you might get if you didn’t complete the solution process or solved for the incorrect quantity. #14: Plug in Answers If you have no idea how to solve a math problem, one way to get around that is just toplug in the answer choicesuntil you find the correct solution.This oftentakes longer than solving aproblem with algebra, but if you have time, it can be a useful strategy. Plugs, not drugs. This is probably a t-shirt by now, right? SAT Essay Hacks The essay is optional on the SAT, but many colleges still require it. Hereare some ways you can improve the quality of your essay with minimal effort. #15: Provide a Clear Thesis The essay graders are looking for an easy way to interpret your essay and understand the points you’re making.The best way to tap into this is to write a strong thesis that falls at the end of the introductory paragraph.Reread the central claim of the passage that’s described in the prompt, and transpose it into your thesis statement. Make sure you sketch out the structure of your essay in your thesis by listing three examples of major techniques the author uses to support his or her argument. #16: Write a Good Intro and Conclusion The introductory and concluding paragraphs are extremely important because graders typically pay the most attention to these parts of your essay.The introduction gives graders a preview of the quality of the rest of the essay and the way you’ll structure your ideas.It also contains your thesis, which is the most critical sentence in the entire essay and is what ties all of your points together. #17: Write More Than One Page Try to make your essay around two pages long.The graders don’t have a specific quota for the number of words they want to see, but they expect you to provide a response that fully addresses the most important components of the author’s argument.It’s almost impossible to do this if your response only takes up one page.Consider whether you’ve really explained what’s going on in the passage, and if necessary add more evidence to make your essay complete. Also, make sure your writing is legible. If you bring a quill to the test, expect some backlash. Conclusion: How to Hack the SAT "Hacking" the SAT is possible to an extent, but you need to understand the content fairly well before you can employ most of these tips successfully. To recap, here's a list of all the SAT hacks listed in the article organized by section: Overall Answer every question Be prepared for the format Don't linger on hard questions Learn to manage anxiety Reading Develop a passage reading strategy Use find the evidence questions to your advantage Engage with the content Writing Choose the most concise answer Remember that NO CHANGE answers are no more or less common than other options Eliminate duplicate answer options Math Don't ignore the diagrams Underline your goal Know the formulas Plug in answer options Essay Provide a clear thesis Write a strong introduction and conclusion Write at least two pages If you follow all these pieces of advice and combine them with in-depth studying, you'll be well on your way to an awesome score on the SAT! What's Next? If you think you need more structured guidance in your studying for the SAT, check out our list of the best prep books released this year. Khan Academy now provides free SAT prep services. Learn more abouthow it works and how to get the most out of these resources. There are also other ways to practice for the SAT online that you may not know about. Read all about the best websites to use for SAT prep! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Changes and restrictions to importation of commodity foods such as Essay

Changes and restrictions to importation of commodity foods such as Cheese, etc.. due to certain tainted foods abroad - Essay Example If the cheese that was used in TIR were unknowingly contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, the customers will have food poisoning, and this will lead to damage of reputation, and even legal cases. One of the major impacts of this threat is the further decline in sales and profit because customers will be hesitant in consuming products that have been generally identified to have been contaminated. Whether or not TIR uses good quality cheese, the fact that the community is aware of its current issues, people will refuse to risk their health. The restrictions provided by the FDA are standards that must be followed by all local cheese manufacturers, as well as those who import cheese and other food products into the country. In the case of a wide-scope contamination of cheese, the prices of the commodity will increase significantly because of a lower supply, with the demand remaining constant. The observed reduction in profit, together with an increase in the cost of one of the most important food ingredients of TIR will put the establishment in a very risky

French Bread Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

French Bread - Research Paper Example It consists of water, yeast salt and wheat flour. These are the ingredients that people in France, and indeed all over the world, have been suing to make bread for millennia. These are the same ingredients that Arabs use to make flat bread, Chinese use to make boiled dumplings and Italians use to make raised pie dough. So it is clearly not the ingredients that make a loaf that is recognizable as French bread. So when did these simple ingredients become identifiable as making a loaf that is distinguished as â€Å"French†. One of the things that makes French bread â€Å"French† is the distinctive shape. The baguette is a long thin loaf. It is usually is five inches in diameter and is approximately three feet long. Size does vary, but in general, but French bread loaves are in the long, thin baguette shape. This shape has been around since at least the mid-18th century in Paris. Personal diaries and published works detailing travels through Europe make mention of seeing servants walking through the streets of Paris in the early morning carrying long loaves of bread that resembled crowbars (Elson, 1896). So the baguette shape was popular long before the invention of modern machines that were used to knead, cut and shape dough. One theory that points to today’s popularity of the baguette shape points to a law that was passed in the early 20th century (Asaff, 2006). Since the revolution, France has tried to ensure that workers are treated fairly and that the state or their employers do not exploit their labor. As a result, France has some of the most labor friendly laws in the world. They enjoy a short workweek as mandated by law and overtime beyond a certain point is prohibited. One of these laws that was passed prohibited workers in the bread making industry from working between the hours of 10:00 PM and 4:00 AM. This made the baking of normal loaves of bread very difficult. The dough would not have enough time for the processes of

Who were the Neanderthals, and what caused their extinction Did they Essay

Who were the Neanderthals, and what caused their extinction Did they influence Homo sapiens, either genetically or culturally - Essay Example Also, These Neanderthals are also genetically associated with the â€Å"Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH)† by some anthropologists based on genetic and cultural evidence, while there is still an ongoing debate about the conformity of the proposition. Anatomically modern humans are the most immediate ancestors of the humans, and possibilities of interbreeding amongst the species are still being investigated. However, scientific study of genetics indicates that humans and Neanderthals have only been found to have ancestral connections about 550,000 years ago. However studying evolution from a cultural perspective indicates a strong sense of connection between early humans and the Neanderthals. These species, the Neanderthals were first discovered in 1829. In 1856, when Neanderthal specimen was found in a cave in Germany the scientists were amazed at the discovery as it was very unique and distinctive from other fossils previously been found, as the skull was oval in shape with th ick and strong bones along with a retreating forehead (Delson 2006). The name Homo Neanderthals was suggested to these unknown species by the geologist William King in 1864 when these were found in the Neander valley in Germany (Jordan 1999). However, after a lot of research the scientists were able to discover the fact that the species discovered in 1829 were the same as these found later. Neanderthals had a strong body built with a heavy structure and a shorter height, ideal to absorb more heat so that they can survive in cold climates. Sexual dimorphism between both genders was comparatively unclear. To shed light on the causes of extinction associated with the Neanderthals, it is first crucial to study their modes of survival and their lifestyles. These species relied on the plants to acquire nutrition for their survival. However, due to the colder climates that they had to face, possibilities are that the plant supplies would have adequately dropped during the winters. Due to t his factor they had to diversify their food sources including meat in their diet to fulfill their nutritious requirements (Shipmen 2008). Anthropological remains like sharpened tools for cutting and ripping away meat preys indicate that these species were seasonal meat hunters. Moreover, when scientists studied the plaque over the teeth of the remains, they even found out that these species incorporates mollusks, sharks and other marine species as their diets. Amongst other anthropological evidences, a flake tool sophisticated in its built was also found which was made after breaking off the stones from the surfaces, though it wasn’t as complex as those tools found amongst other ancestral species associated with humans. Moreover, having studied the anatomy of their bodies, it was concluded that their arms were rather asymmetric which are indicative of the fact that they used thrusting techniques to capture preys, which means that they utilized larger animals for consumption. Along with these remains, other significant discoveries were the needle like tools which can be used for sewing garments to wear. Moreover, Neanderthals are also found to have used fire for various purposes. Thorough analysis of the locales draws attention towards shallow pits along with other even shallower grave like structures. This indicates that these people used to bury the dead into graves and hold funerals to carry these events. The settings also reflect that these species used to live in a nuclear family setup while some instances indicate social gatherings and events to be a part of their lives as well.

Multicultralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Multicultralism - Essay Example As the first man found his way to the trunk, he stroked the beast, calming and reassuring it that they meant no harm. The others eventually found the animal, and they spent most of the afternoon stroking and feeling the pachyderm in order to determine just what an elephant is, and to build a clear image in their own minds. As the sun began to set, the animal meandered off, leaving the men to discuss their experience. The four were each excited, and burst into chatter as they found their way back to the path which led to their village. "What a majestic beast the elephant is," said the first. "An elephant is like a large tree, strong and unbending; only with skin hard and strong rather than rough bark." This man had been holding the elephant's leg, and could only visualize the creature in terms he could compare to a familiar object. "A tree, did you get lost in the forest again" asked the second. "An elephant isn't like a tree. It is long, and winding. An elephant has many rumples up and down its back, and when it breaths, the moist air is like a windstorm." This man had been grasping the elephant's trunk, and he was sure that his encounter with the beast was the correct one. The other two added to the argu... The fourth had encountered snakes before, and this elephant was no more impressive than these. The four men became so heated in their debate, defending their own positions rather than listening to the others that their conversation ended in stony silence. Eventually, as they came across different paths in the jungle the men separated. Each decided that he could better experience the jungle by themselves than to continue company with a group of blind and ignorant men. Sadly to say, none of the men made it out of the jungle alive. Blind and alone, they made easy prey to the land's natural predators. This fable is an accurate illustration of the current multicultural debate. The parties debate who social order should be arrayed as a result of a multicultural mindset. The factions fight over verbiage, stereotypes, and even the purpose of educational, political and social order in order to defend their own perspective. While each faction has its own piece of accurate truth, the idea of creating a culture together is quickly becoming lost in the disagreement. As a result, our culture is more at risk of loosing the strength and protective power it once had when all our citizens were working for a common good, for a common goal, for a strong and prosperous economic and social structure which provided opportunity for all its citizens. Defining the elephant Harrison gives this rather vague definition. "Multiculturalism...is a theory (albeit vague) about the foundations of a culture rather than a practice which subsumes cultural ideas." (Harrison, 1984) His input is about as helpful as asking directions from one of the proverbial blind men. But the idea is that a multicultural mindset is one which recognizes, and even promotes the

Fahad Analysis Draft 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fahad Analysis Draft 1 - Essay Example The poem consists of four stanzas of five lines each; the rhythm of the poem is ABAAB. The poem has a strong masculine tone, it does not contain much emotion, and exception is the last line where he writes ‘sigh’. With the subject of choosing between two roads Frost symbolizes the fact of life that in life you have to choose between who possibilities, and what you choose shapes your life entire. The title of this poem actually explains a lot about what this poem is, what are the main themes discussed. The author shows through the title that he is not talking about how took a particular road or a major life decision, but in reality he talks about the aspect of ‘lost opportunities’. He highlights the fact that how if you choose a path or make a decision you give up on experiences you could have experienced if you had taken the different path. It mainly talks about the complexities of choice and how even if you want to travel on both roads how life brings you to a point where you have to choose between the two, and then live with the decision. The poet has paid special attention to nature while writing this poem. He in many different ways tries to incorporate nature. He uses words like ‘yellow’ and ‘grassy’ to paint a picture of the surroundings. The poem starts off with the mention of roads, how the person is standing in a forest and he has to choose between two roads. He uses this figure of speech to paint a picture of a person who has to make a decision in his life. He is not literally talking about which road to take but he symbolizes the roads as the choices a man has in his life. He talks about how both those roads and choices look the same to him. In line four he talks about how only when we have chosen a path or made a decision we realize the consequences of our decisions. He expresses his sorrow that he has to choose between

Metropolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Metropolis - Essay Example The movie, in its first scene, shows how great life is for the elite and how bad it is for the lower class. Freders, the son of the boss of metropolis falls for Maria, who is a leader for the unjust conditions for the workers; this information is kept a secret from her boss. When Rotwang and Freders dad discover Maria's secret, they kidnap her and transform Hel to be an exact copy of her to ruin her reputation. Hel behaves irresponsibly and immorally so the workers will discredit her and their spirit will be broken. Then, in the nick of time, Freders rescues Maria and together they stop the revolution and bring back the feeling of peace and security between the bosses and the workers. Hel is destroyed, Rotwang dies and Freders and Maria live happily ever after. "Metropolis is a story about the people whose backs wealth and success is built upon. It clearly illustrates the dichotomy between those that do, and those that benefit by the sweat of others. The thinkers of Metropolis enjoy a luxurious lifestyle, but their success comes at the price of treating the workers like slaves and deprives them of their individuality." (http://www.ram.org/ramblings/movies/metropolis.html) The director's visio

Fahad Analysis Draft 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fahad Analysis Draft 1 - Essay Example The poem consists of four stanzas of five lines each; the rhythm of the poem is ABAAB. The poem has a strong masculine tone, it does not contain much emotion, and exception is the last line where he writes ‘sigh’. With the subject of choosing between two roads Frost symbolizes the fact of life that in life you have to choose between who possibilities, and what you choose shapes your life entire. The title of this poem actually explains a lot about what this poem is, what are the main themes discussed. The author shows through the title that he is not talking about how took a particular road or a major life decision, but in reality he talks about the aspect of ‘lost opportunities’. He highlights the fact that how if you choose a path or make a decision you give up on experiences you could have experienced if you had taken the different path. It mainly talks about the complexities of choice and how even if you want to travel on both roads how life brings you to a point where you have to choose between the two, and then live with the decision. The poet has paid special attention to nature while writing this poem. He in many different ways tries to incorporate nature. He uses words like ‘yellow’ and ‘grassy’ to paint a picture of the surroundings. The poem starts off with the mention of roads, how the person is standing in a forest and he has to choose between two roads. He uses this figure of speech to paint a picture of a person who has to make a decision in his life. He is not literally talking about which road to take but he symbolizes the roads as the choices a man has in his life. He talks about how both those roads and choices look the same to him. In line four he talks about how only when we have chosen a path or made a decision we realize the consequences of our decisions. He expresses his sorrow that he has to choose between

External Factor Are Affecting the Ecosystems Essay Example for Free

External Factor Are Affecting the Ecosystems Essay The word ecosystem refers to the combined physical and biological components of an environment; these organisms form complex sets of relationships and function as a unit as they interact with their physical environment. Ecosystems are constantly changing naturally, and they’ve got a specific and stable climax, equilibrium. Living as well as non-living factors may have an impact in an ecosystem such as the impact of humans in ecosystems by hunting, fishing, agriculture etc. r climate change may affect an ecosystem and dare it to adapt to the conditions. Will human’s activity affect the equilibrium of the arctic wolves ecosystem? Equilibrium refers to balance, so†¦ will human’s activities affect the balance of the physical and biological components of the tundra? Human activities, which affect the arctic wolf’s ecosystem, the tundra, are pollution, chemical contamination and overdevelopment. All of them are harmful to the ecosystem. Pollution affects indirectly the tundra, habitat of the Arctic wolf. Pollution leads to Global Warming and this affect the global temperature, as a result ice melts and the tundra is affected because its an ecosystem nearly made up on ice, so eventually the ecosystem would be endangered and also the species that are contained in the ecosystem. Lately, thousands of â€Å"green† organizations have been generated to promote the green habits and to try to reduce pollution worldwide, reducing also the vulnerability of the tundra biome. Their projects consist in reducing wastes of any kind of energy source and saving any resource we get. This will involve social aspects also in the way that our society must take part and have an impact into world pollution, which will finally affect the tundra ecosystem; it has lately become popular to be ecofriendly. This ecologic movement has also affected the fashion industry which lately looks for looks with more pure materials, not much synthetic ones, also they’ve preferred clothing with pure cotton, even not only the materials of clothing are involved but the message in the clothing’s have taken a very special impact in the society. Hunting, affects directly and indirectly to the ecosystem of the Arctic wolf, it affects the interaction of living organisms by hunting the animals. The overhunting of species such as the musk ox and caribou in Alaska and North America were even near of extinction. This would create unsustainability on the ecosystem because there would not be equilibrium in the food chain and all the animals that have any relationship with the specie would me affected by don’t having a predator or a prey. Hunting in the tundra has had a very negative effect because important species suck as the musk ox have nearly got to extinction. By 1950, herds in North America were reduced by ninety percent, so this made the American population realize what was really going on in their country. They were loosing biodiversity and so laws were created to protect animals. This had an economic impact, because musk ox’s (prey of the arctic wolf) leather was part of the market so it has also a social impact, not only from for hunters but for the fashion industry which had a relation with musk ox’s fur and leather. Chemical contamination also affects the Arctic Wolf’s ecosystem. Lately, Petroleum and Coal or Natural Gas, Iron, Lead or Zinc mines and mineral exploration and exploitation and extraction are increasing worldwide especially in the Arctic. The development affects the Caribou, which are one of the main species present in the Arctic wolf habitat. Overdevelopment indicates to the building of roads and buildings in the tundra, this lead to more circulation. Fragile tundra areas of plants are taken out for the creation of these roads. Without plants to give nutrients to the soil, earth will stop being rich and will abolish the community of flora in the tundra. After discussing all the direct and indirect human impact in the environment, hunting, chemical contamination and overdevelopment are certainly harmful for the ecosystem. These activities attempt to the balance of the ecosystem by attempting against the living organisms that live in the tundra, ecosystem of the arctic wolf and by attempting against the non-living factors in the ecosystem such as climate. Even tough there are solutions for these activities to reduce or to stop, they are not completely efficient. In my opinion after all my investigation, apart from the pollution affecting indirectly to the tundra, the other activities are not a major concern for the arctic wolf’s ecosystem. As seen, human activities impact in the arctic wolf’s ecosystem is not positive (although they don’t damage much the tundra) toward the ecosystem. My final conclusion will be that external factors are definitely against the equilibrium of the arctic wolf’s ecosystem.

True Romance Sicilian Scene Analysis

True Romance Sicilian Scene Analysis Barthes saw the importance of keeping vital information hidden from the viewer in order to keep them excited and interested in the narrative. After watching a mystery unfold, we are often left kicking ourselves when we realise the important clues that we missed out that would have given the answer away much earlier on in the narrative. Whether it was something that was said or suggested by an actor, or something left lying around in the scene. It is Barthes who tries to define these different hints and clues to assist us in further understanding the depths of a narrative scene. By helping us realise that we can understand whats going on from many indicators and not just what is being said out loud we are lead to heightened observations. He did this by defining five codes; the first two are the Hermeneutic, sometimes described as the enigma code, and the proairetic code. These two are often categorised together as they both focus on what can be found within the text. The three other c odes are the semantic, symbolic and cultural codes; I will describe each of these further throughout the essay. The Hermeneutic/enigma code looks at the ways in which suspense and mystery are added to create uncertainty and foster curiosity(Ribià ¨re,Mireille. 2002, pg. 46.) so that the interpreter is given hints and then proceeds to question subtly placed items or text that will later be answered in the text. These clues are known by terms such as snares as they catch the viewers attention and keep them engaged they dont allow the viewer to know the truth but they keep them guessing. Equivocations, like snares, are clues that keep the viewer involved, however, they give the viewer a slight insight into the truth while still concealing the whole truth. In the scene I am discussing an example of a snare is the blood that we see all over Cliffs hands. It leads us to contemplate why is he covered in blood?. Initially, we cant work out why but on closer inspection we also notice the men standing around him are all dressed in dark clothes and standing over him in an intimidating manner. When we co mbine these ideas we can assume that these men are the cause of the blood and he didnt just hurt himself, this in turn leads us to believe that Cliff is being forcefully interrogated. Not only the lighting and the smoky atmosphere of the set show key insights into the scene but also the location of the set. For this I think it is important to apply Barthes semantic and symbolic codes to the scene. I believe that Barthes symbolic code means to look at the visual side of the scene and try and work out the deeper connotations attached, this is code is also very similar to his Semantic code and Barthes never actually specified the difference [1] between them. However, the word Semantic according to the OED means relating to meaning in language or logic so I will look for the semantic signifiers from the spoken word. I believe that the fact that they are in a small, dark, confined space with no other people around and without any background sounds, in a Symbolic way suggests to the audience that no one else knows that Cliff is confined there and that if the mafia choose to kill him then his body will not be discovered for a considerable amount of time. The smokiness in the room also suggests to the audience that perhaps there is a dark atmosphere. and leads the audience to believe that this scene wont end well. I think a very critical part of this scene is where we see the role reversal between Coccotti and Worley, this happens as Worley accepts the fact that he will die in order to protect his son. There is both a proairetic code and a semantic code shown here. The proairetic code as mentioned the introduction, refers to an action in the text that leads the audience to second guess what will happen next. This is shown by Worley asking for the cigarette he initially refused (1.00). This is significant for the symbolic code also as i believe it holds connotations related to a last request of a condemned man, men were often given cigarettes before facing a firing squad [2] and i believe that this is also an important semantic code as i think that the smoking of the cigarette is the point where Tarantino and Scott want the audience to believe that Worley will not survive, when looking at this with the semantic code i believe that the fact that he asks for one of those Chesterfields now is very telling as it indicates that when he was offered one earlier he believed that he would survive. Another reference to the Symbolic code is that at the very instance that Worley asks for the cigarette The Flower Duet from the opera Lakme starts playing as background music [3]. This I believe is Tarantino making a reference to the vast use of classical music in famous gangster/mob films like The Godfather, Once upon a time in America and many others [4]. It is used for many reasons, one is to set an interesting juxtaposition to the violence that is going on and another is to set a tone in the scene and to represent the high status and views that mobsters hold of themselves, this has much to do with the typical stereotype of gangsters. I consider it also important to now mention how stereotyping is used in this scene and how using these character assumptions also helps us in understanding the narrative. Lippmann explained the use of stereotypes in three ways[1], one was as an ordering process, a way to give a description to a mass of people without having to go into the specific detail or giving a general name to a large group of similar people. The second idea is that stereotypes are used as a short cut to describe someones characteristics and or appearance[1], in a way it means cutting down their personalities and type casting them, Lippmann explains The real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance. We are not equipped to deal with so much subtlety, so much variety, so many permutations and combinations. And although we have to act in that environment, we have to reconstruct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it. To traverse the world men must have map s of the world. (Lippman Walter: 2007 pg. 16) Lippmanns final way of explaining using stereotypes is as a reference [1], for example, it is easier to build a character in a media text or script that is already based around a certain type-cast that the audience is familiar with, it helps them to relate to the character. I believe Tarantino has used a typical American-Italian mafia stereotype as a reference in this scene as Don Coccotti isnt a major part in the whole film so it is important for the audience to quickly catch on to his purpose in the film Don Coccottis immaculate grooming from the casually unbuttoned cashmere full length over coat with silk scarf, very stereotypical of the attire you see in Mafia related scenes like the Godfather, immediately put him echelons above his surrounding henchmen with hunched shoulders badly cut jackets that obviously conceal weapons, and the blank looks on their faces, that we find towards the end of the scene, accounts for the fact that at least one of the Scilians speaks no English what so ever and is truly fascinated by what Worley has said. The camera angle used gives an added dimension to the vulnerability of the seated Worley, up until the point where Worley slowly and graciously insults Coccotti with a beautifully crafted story about the Moors breeding with Sicilian women. This story, to Barthes would be a part of the text referring to his cultural code as it is a sign that uses a reference from outside of the text to help the audience understand and relate to the narrative. Hopper carries on up to the final insult where Hopper refers to Coccotti as part Eggplant this is an old racist slur that was stereotypically used many by italian americans to offend black people as Peter E. Bondanella the author of Hollywood Italians: Dagos, Palookas, Romeos, Wise Guys, and Sopranos explains Moulan Yan a particular Italian American derogatory term for Blacks deserves some glossing. Alternately spelled a number of ways, the word derived from the standard Italian word for eggplant La melanzana. so this is the final insult for D on Coccotti and is a horrible use of a stereotype, it also sets the Sicilians in the scene in a stereotype of being racist. By that point you know that the proairetic sign of Don Vincenzo giving Worley the kiss of death means that he is about to die. The almost off camera reminder of Hoppers police background is constantly hovering in the form of his division badge and you forget that he really is a policeman due to his ironic soliloquy in the face of obvious death. Don Coccottis nervous laughter at first and short spurts of eye contact with his henchmen are typical and become more manic as Hopper continues the well-crafted insults. The atypical action of him turning his back extracting the henchmans gun and without warning turning and killing Worley brings the scene to a juddering halt. This is firstly revived by the Don saying I havent killed anybody since 1984 and the black comedy of the scilian henchman asking what was said, the clipped response he said Franco what happened? to which the english speaking one replies He said that Scilians are spawned by niggers so Don Vincenzo killed him (5.15). ties the scene off neatly and leaves no loose ends whatsoever. From the previous scenes and the way the film plays out there was never going to be any doubt that hopper would always protect his son and that Don surrounded by his subordinates had to get the information or kill hopper, the play out in my opinion was almost a classic scene of black comedy had it not been for the true feeling and empathy you have towards hoppers character, protecting his son and his own integrity. Its also worth noting that the product placement of the Chesterfields also reinforces the 5th avenue sophisticated appearance of Don. When hopper asked for the chesterfield he mentions the cigarette brand by name in a way that he would savour a product with this image that might well be deemed out of reach or out of place to a street cop he refers to them as one of those Chesterfields and i feel that sentence suggests he is unfamiliar with them. From this essay I have found that Barthes five codes are very interesting for looking at a scene in depth, I discovered things about this scene that I had not realised before and this is thanks to the way his codes pick out the tiniest action in a scene and reveal the bigger connotation it holds. I did however, find it difficult to distinguish the boundaries between one code and another particularly the symbolic and semantic code. I found Lippmanns ideas on stereotype very interesting and I liked thinking about stereotype as I think the use of stereotypes is important to Tarantino, I believe that he likes to adhere to your typical stereotype like the gangsters and the mafia but he also likes to throw in an anomaly to confuse the audience and get them excited by the character, I believe that Cliff Worleys integrity and bravery in the scene shows this. Bibliography: Narration in the Fiction Film David Bordwell Chapter 2 Diegetic Theories of Narration The Pleasure of the text roland barthes S/Z Roland Barthes The media students book Branston and Stafford narrativesI Italian-Americans in Film: From Immigrants to IconsCarlos E. Cortà ©s MELUS, Vol. 14, No. 3/4, Italian-American Literature (Autumn Winter, 1987), pp. 107-126 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªHollywood Italians: Dagos, Palookas, Romeos, Wise Guys, and Sopranosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬ By Peter E. Bondanella Articles The Independent-Angry Italian-Americans demand MTV pull hateful reality show by Guy Adams in Los Angeles Italian-Americans in Film: From Immigrants to IconsCarlos E. Cortà ©s MELUS, Vol. 14, No. 3/4, Italian-American Literature (Autumn Winter, 1987), pp. 107-126 Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality Journal of Social History, Winter, 2007 by Janice Kelly Public Opinon by Walter Lippmann 2007 edition http://www.sicilianculture.com/cinema/impressions.htm accessed on January 1st 2010 http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Reputed+Mafia+boss+attend+slain+funeral/2392715/story.html accessed on January 1st 2010 http://www.bestofsicily.com/mafia.htm accessed on January 1st 2010