Vietnam Internet Data Center Report - 9450 Words

First Draft Bien Nguyen (nguyenngocbien@yahoo.com; +84 95 888 8910) A MARKET STUDY ON INTERNET DATA CENTER IN VIETNAM Bien N. Nguyen nguyenngocbien@yahoo.com +84 95 888 8910 First Draft TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. Bien Nguyen (nguyenngocbien@yahoo.com; +84 95 888 8910) Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 3 Research Methodology and Report Objectives ................................................................................. 3 2.1 2.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 3 Objectives†¦show more content†¦26 HANEL ........................................................................................................................... 26 TDT.............................................................................................................................. 27 NETSOFT ...................................................................................................................... 27 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 First Draft 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.4 Bien Nguyen (nguyenngocbien@yahoo.com; +84 95 888 8910) HTNET ........................................................................................................................... 27 VTIC............................................................................................................................... 27 Enterprise Owned Data Centres [? Are there any] .................................................................. 27 Sacombank .................................................................................................................... 27 VinaData ........................................................................................................................ 27 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5 Carrier Neutral Data Centres .................................................................................................. 28 CMC TelecomShow MoreRelatedVietnam Internet Data Center Report9450 Words   |  38 PagesBien Nguyen (nguyenngocbien@yahoo.com; +84 95 888 8910) A MARKET STUDY ON INTERNET DATA CENTER IN VIETNAM Bien N. Nguyen nguyenngocbien@yahoo.com +84 95 888 8910 First Draft TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. Bien Nguyen (nguyenngocbien@yahoo.com; +84 95 888 8910) Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 3 Research Methodology and Report Objectives ............................................................Read MoreEssay about Technology Used on the Military Battlefield596 Words   |  3 PagesTwo of the major areas include communications, and battlefield management systems. All of these systems are just parts of the military’s tactical internet. The Key factor on the battlefield is communications. Excellent communication is necessary to keep all units working in unison, both on the front lines and in tactical command and control centers in the rear element. The United States Military and ITT A/CD developed the Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) family. InRead MoreHomelessness Among Veterans of the U.S. Military Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthe homeless population. The question â€Å"Why?† begs an answer. Forty years have passed since the Vietnam Conflict ended and homeless veterans became a representative image in American society. Surprisingly, it appears there are no studies on the factors contributing to homelessness among veterans using recent data. The most recent collection of such data was in a 1984 – 1988 study called The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS). The purpose of the study was â€Å"to determine their mentalRead MorePromotional Activities Coordin ation Project : Sample Resume Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pageshaonguyen3090@hotmail.com To: marketing@ttnq.com.au, sales@ttnq.com.au, finance@ttnq.com.au, salesrep@ttnqvn.com, support@ttnqvn.com, ads@ttnqvn.com Cc: ceo@ttnq.com.au Subject: Report of TTNQ’s international market promotion activities Dear all, Please note that at TTNQ we will be targeting the international markets of Vietnam. All of you will take the participation of this promotional activity. Below are the overview of this project. Overview of the project are: The purpose of this coordination projectRead MoreWhat Is IT Outsourcing?1086 Words   |  5 PagesIndia is facing competition from other countries around the world in IT outsourcing. China, Ireland, The Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Poland, and Egypt are just some of the countries that are aggressively looking at IT outsourcing for growth. Over the years, these countries have been developing their country to be able to provide IT outsourcing and lay a strong foundation to sustain this new idea. According to KPMG (2016), some of the investments these countries have done are build a huge marketRead MoreAvon Supply Chain Analysis2679 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Vietnam Delight Catering (VDC) is one of the most succesful company in Vietnam catering industry. Since the very first step in 1995, VDC has a significant grow to expand the market in all three regions of Vietnam. The company is well known for providing food service for company events, business conferences, weddings and other special occasions. With twenty six industrial kitchens located across five big cities, VDC established itself as an national wide recognized catering companyRead MoreFree Speech in Cyberspace Essay3595 Words   |  15 Pagesyears, with the Internet explosion, freedom of speech has reached a new frontier. In the United States, citizens are allowed to freely distribute information on the Internet as they desire so long as laws are not being broken. Many countries have followed in the footsteps of the United States and granted their citizens the same basic human right. However, there are other countries in the world whose citizens are not afforded these rights . Vietnam is one such country. The Internet explosion hasRead MoreAn Internal Central Intelligence Agency1579 Words   |  7 Pagesinternal Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) investigation revealed that CIA Task Forces failed to share information with the FBI about two suspected terrorists, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States (9/11 Commission Report). The U.S Intelligence Community is made up of 15 different agencies, offices, and organizations within the Executive branch. There are 8 components in the Department of Defense, two in the department of Homeland Security, and one in each of theRead MoreNike And Challenges Of Nike Inc. Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesand Bill Bowerman. The focus of this report would be an analysis of how Nike’s manages and delivers its service to its customers. It also looks into Nike’s emphasis on its product quality and innovative design to meet the ever changing consumer preferences. By looking at its current strategies that Nike adopt and its appropriateness, this report will provide you a better understanding on how consumer see Nike and challenges that Nike Inc. faces. With the report, there are various recommendationsRead MoreMedia Bias And The Media1365 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Bias In today’s society, remaining connected and knowledgeable of current events and the newest trends is vital to staying ahead in business, education, and social standing. This information is supplied to everyone through the internet, newspapers, television, and radio. One can tune into stations such as CNN, NBC, Fox News, Al-Jazeera, and many others (â€Å"SQs of Media Outlets†). In order to meet the needs of viewers, readers, and listeners, the ideal media system would contain accurate, quick

Camelot Poem Analysis - 2223 Words

The poem opened up with the mythology of Britain’s foundings being rooted in the fall of Troy. Following the fall of Troy, Romulus quickly founded Rome which led to having Ticius founded Tuscany and Langobard did the same with Lombardy. Soon after the founding of the three nations, as the myth goes, Felix Brutus founded Britain after the French floods. Soon after the founding of Britain, the nation raised children as soldiers; they were fighting machines in a troubled time filled with turmoil. Among all of the kings, there was one prodigy named Arthur; Arthur stood among the highest; almost untouchable from his fellow peers. His courage and aptitude for ruling were ever so present during his time as king, gaining the respect from his†¦show more content†¦He claimed to have come in peace, but he demanded to be indulged in a game. Arthur assumed that the Green Knight spoke of a fight, but the Green Knight stated that he did not wish to fight such young and puny knights. Instead, he wanted one of the knights to strike a blow to his neck with the Green Knight s own axe, but on the pretense that the Green Knight would return the blow exactly a year and a day from then. The conditions of the game offered by the Green Knight caused everyone to stay silent in both shock and confusion. Soon after, the Green Knight began to question Arthur’s followers, claiming the court is filled with cowards. In retaliation to this accusation, Arthur felt the shame of his court and took up the Green Knight’s offer. As Arthur readied himself to strike the Green Knight down, another member of the court stood up and requested that he take the challenge instead, Gawain. Gawain interrupted the silence that filled the hall by requesting that he take up the challenge instead of Arthur. Arthur allowed Gawain to participate in the Green Knight’s game; Gawain then recited the rules for the game to show he understood the pact that he has taken upon himself. As Gawain brought down the axe upon the Green Knight’s neck, Gawain separated the Green Knight’s head from his body in one swing. To everyone’s disbelief, the Green Knight walked to his headShow MoreRelatedLady of Shalott1194 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Lady of Shalott has. (The mirror being distorted reality is especially interesting when one considers that it is typically used as a symbol of the cold, hard truth. This difference gives added emphasis on the importance of this symbol within the poem, as well as telling us that the Lady of Shalott did not realize that view of the world was warped.) All this changes when she looks out the window and onto an undistorted world. The Lady of Shalott loses her innocence by falling in love. ThusRead MorePoetry1969 Words   |  8 PagesLove Poem Analysis: Linda Pastan is an American poet of Jewish background. She was born in New York on May 27, 1932. Today, she lives in Potomac, Maryland with her husband Ira Pastan, an accomplished physician and researcher. She is known for writing short poems that address topics like family life, domesticity, motherhood, the female experience, aging, death, loss and the fear of loss, as well as the fragility of life and relationships. Love poem is a very simple poem yet it has a deepRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagescultural values differ than those who lived â€Å"back then† but the response to that ideology is, does one value loyalty? Among the many values of the Anglo-Saxons, such as bravery, truth, and honor, above them all stands loyalty. Through an archetypal analysis, one may view how two major works of the Middle Ages, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, both reflect attributes of loyalty, specifically the testing of one’s loyalty and the consequences of disloyalty, which reflect the behavior and valuesRead More A Feminist Perspective of The Lady of Shalott Essay2157 Words   |  9 Pagesessay on feminist criticism, Linda Peterson of Yale University explains how literature can reflect and shape the attitudes that have held women back (330). From the viewpoint of a feminist critic, The Lady of Shalott provides its re ader with an analysis of the Victorian womans conflict between her place in the interior, domestic role of society and her desire to break into the exterior, public sphere which generally had been the domain of men. Read as a commentary on womens roles in VictorianRead More King Arthur Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesKing Arthur Character Analysis The character of King Arthur is unique in literature. Most characters are known through their actions and words as described by the author of a story. Arthur, however, is a conglomerate of characters described by many different authors over a fifteen hundred year span. There is no single depiction of him, and one cannot trace his origin to a single author for the definitive description. As such, the character of Arthur is different depending on the era, cultureRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1591 Words   |  7 Pagesof folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ. Written in stanzas of alliterative verse, each of which ends in a rhyming bob and wheel, it draws on Welsh, Irish and English stories, as well as the French chivalric tradition. It is an important poem in the romance genre, which typically involves a hero who goes on a quest which tests his prowess, and it remains popular to this day in modern English renderings from J. R. R. Tolkien, Simon Armitage and others, as well as through film and stage adaptationsRead MoreThe Caterbury Tales, Carmina Burana and The Book of Taliesin722 Words   |  3 PagesBubonic Plague, briefly alluded to in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, to the legendary king and war-hero Arthur of Camelot. The Christian Church was the single most influential institution in society, with the pope taking on a role as the leader of European Christendom and education and intellectual life mostly happening through religious institutions. Through the analysis of compositions written during the Middle Ages, it is observable that significant events influenced the pages of these notableRead More On the Entrapment and Incarceration of the Victorian Woman Essay2388 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Lady that gives the poem its title. Both poems are an analysis into the Victorian woman as an incarcerated and entrapped sub-culture of a predominately patriarchal society. It is no surprise then that the methods of which these fictiona l women take to escape comes at the cost of their lives. The doomed Duchess of Robert Browning’s dramatic monologue, â€Å"My Last Duchess† is the embodiment of the incarcerated woman taken to the eternal extreme. The setting for this poem is the Italy of the MiddleRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight2066 Words   |  9 Pagesand the Green Knight: The Pentangle, the Green Knight, and the Perfection of Virtue†, and Manish Sharma, author of â€Å"Hiding the Harm: Revisionism and Marvel in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, both discuss major controversial topics relating to this poem. To begin, David N. Beauregard’s intent with his article, â€Å"Moral Theology in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: The Pentangle, the Green Knight, and the Perfection of Virtue†, was to display that it is possible to relate two major symbols; the pentangleRead MoreAlfred Lord Tennysons Life Influences on His Work508 Words   |  2 PagesTennyson always had some life meaning behind his poems. He was born in the rural town of Somersby in Lincolnshire, the fourth of twelve children. In 1884, Queen Victoria made Tennyson a baron, and so he became the title of Lord in his time. From the Academy of American Poets website, it is stated that, â€Å"At the age of 41, Tennyson had established himself as the most popular poet of the Victorian era.† Alfred Lord Tennyson life had a huge impact on his poems that were written, the most propionate were,

Management complications hence poor performance †Free Samples

Question: Why Management Complications Hence Poor Performance? Answer: Introduction Effective management does not only call for a good understanding of the organizational culture and business environment but also the effectiveness with which business purposes are communicated (Dattilio and Freeman, 2007). The various processes, levels of motivation and communication skills of the workers in an organization are all vital in influencing the organizational accomplishment (Griffin, 2009). It is therefore important for individuals to develop good personal communication skills which help one to easy relate and interact with the others not only at the place of work but within the society as a whole. Diagnostic Tools Communication Styles Questionnaire I am not good at starting conversations and dont work well with disagreements. I may be quite assertive when the facts in the conversation are contrary to my values, in such cases I exhibit poor listening skills and constantly jump in. I am interested in empowering others and support ideas but get quite assertive and emotional especially when impatient or irritated. Assertiveness Test The results of the test reveal me as self-assertive and an individual who sticks to his views and belief in personal values. I like to communicate my thoughts with clarity. I largely believe in verbal expression of ideas through emphasis on key points. I try not to be aggressive during conversations but base my responses on the attitudes of the others during the conversations. Team Work and Team Roles Inventory The results of the test indicate the following on my personal abilities: I like to embrace new chances; I also like devising new methods for the team. I fancy team work and remain open to interaction with other team members. I am not perfect at initiating ideas but find is easy coordinating them once initiated. Johari Window Questionnaire From this test, I deduced number of aspects in terms of communication. To begin with, I am cheerful and express my ideas quite confidently especially during team dynamics. I stay calm during arguments and try to discuss my facts from a more rational point of view. I face issues boldly and try to remain as organized as possible when communicating my views. The Big Five Personality Test These test brought out the following aspects on my personal communication skills. I like listening to new ideas, and feel quite comfortable around people. I also make people feel at ease and pay attention to details. However, I get irritated easily and have occasional mood swings during which I lack the necessary listening skills and may be impatient too. Identified Communication Issues From the results of the test above, it is clear that there are number of skills I may have to work on in order to be able to communicate effectively with the others. There is the aspect of easy irritation which affects my verbal skills. I get closed in when unhappy and choose to stay calm which may be interpreted as an aggressive non-verbal approach of communication. Secondly, I am not a good listener especially when not interested in the subject of discussion. I tend to jump interfering with the speaker which may lead to prejudgment and poor reception and decoding of messages. Reflection on recent professional Interactions Being a new employee in a telecommunications company there are a number of formalities which we had to be taken through as a means of developing skills and capturing the companys culture. One of these strategies involved being assigned to joined specific groups in different departments and obtaining roles to support in the new projects as introduced by the department. I was assigned the marketing department and had a lot of difficulties flowing with the team especially during the first few meetings. The team leader was quite assertive and a little too domineering which caused a lot of arguments during meetings. During such heated situations, Id simply switch off the meetings and probably fail to concentrate to the very end. Through this, I missed the discussion of the key points and had to constantly ask other team members on the next course of action. Some of the individuals found this quite irritating. I now feel I ought to have been a little more patient and gone ahead to listen t o the team speakers despite my dissatisfaction with the leaders management approaches. The second situation was during one of our company assigned field trips meant to enhance good customer relations. During these trips, the employees were assigned specific regions in which they were to find and interact with the organizations loyal and prospective customers while informing them more about the companys products and services. While some of these individuals were receptive, some of them had demeaning attitudes and barely had time for my explanations. Due to my personality, this situation easily got me irritated hence affecting my communication methods for the rest of the marketing spree. I found it hard communicating my thoughts to them verbally and clearly because I felt wronged by the poor reception. I now believe I ought to have been more flexible and adjusted to the situations based on the attitudes and approaches exhibited by each of the individuals I met. In each of these situations, my bad attitude affected effective reception of information as given out by the sp eaker. This also influenced the way I communicated my views to the other individuals. Due to the poor listening skills, I couldnt get the best out of the meetings which in turn affected my effectiveness at work especially during the implementation of the ideas discussed in the meetings because I barely grasped any. At the same time, I didnt manage to accomplish the marketing objectives due to the ease with which I get emotional and irritated especially by poor reception. It is therefore a fact worth noting that I need to work on these two aspects in addition to other skills in a bid to be better when it comes to the communication and reception of views and ideas to and from other individuals. Literature Review The reflection above reveled poor listening skills and lack of emotional control as some of the impediments to effective communication especially in a team set up. Johnason (2009) points out that teamwork involves people from different backgrounds coming together to pursue a common objective or goal. Achieving the organizational goals can be a challenge to an organization especially when the methods of communication within the team are not adequately addressed and managed. For effective operations within a business entity, it is vital for people to see beyond the space of their personal interests and hence maintain the focus on the teams objectives through appropriate communication approaches. Individual differences are among some of the main obstacles to effective teamwork (Paauwe and Boon, 2009). The details of the test reveal the possibility of a breakdown in communication when individuals choose to honor their emotions at the expense of the teams interests. Communication within a team set up ought to be approached selflessly as this alone assures effective transmission of information between individuals in an organization (Collings and Wood, 2009). Based on the model of Team works and team inventories, Klerck (2009) points out that teamwork is a vital requirement for organizational success. But effective operations within a team can be largely hampered by poor communication skills and approaches. The changing aspects of a good team demand that individuals are dedicated to use their personal skills in order to achieve the collective goals of the team. Despite the presence of struggles among the team members; the group interests should always remain the main point of focus. Embracing a positive approach from each team member is important since it enhances team performance. However, individual differences in a team largely hamper its growth and activities especially when these barriers are not eliminated through effective management skills. Assertiveness is an attribute which could be used to instill individual commitment towards organizational goals but not as a tool for dictatorship and domination by leaders. This is because suc h personalities act as obstacles to the free flow of information and poor reception. The poor reception at the departmental meetings was a result of wrong attitude to the speakers due to their communication methods. Consequently, team building would be an essential measure through which understanding between individuals could be enhanced leading to better communication. Trevisani (2016) through the chaos theory of management points some of the challenges to effective communication as a result of diversity at the workplace environment. As posited by this theory, an organization is vulnerable to various changes which at times complicate its operations. Diversity implies different personalities and hence variations in approaches to communication. Misunderstandings, prejudgment and wrong reception is likely to occur which elongates essential processes such as decision making (Grace and Cohen, 2004). This aspect was evident in our departmental meetings where individuals could argue for hours on end due to lack of effective communication. In order to deal with the communication challenges associated with complex groups within organizations, it is vital for the management to establish the best strategies that would ensure a free flow in information from one party to another (Roux, 2007). Depending on the nature of the team, the organization can choose the most appropriate communication method for instance the use of online media or written communication which is both speedy and convenient. As noted by Merkle (2015), that a team, especially in an organization, is often characterized by differences in personalities. While some of these behaviors strengthen of a team, others serve as an obstacle to the free flow of information hence easy communication. Individuals who listen keenly and talk well with others in a group are able to stay constructive. However, those with bad personalities like; bad temperaments, laziness and those who get easily emotional and irritated are likely have challenges communicating effectively with others (Mark, 2014). Through the use of various diagnostic tools, the individual capabilities in terms of communication can be identified and hence developed in order to improve the quality of professional and formal interactions between people within the business. Despite the presences, the good attributes about individuals in a team can be established and nurtured through adequate exposure and personal commitment to improvement (Daft and Armstrong, 20 09). In a nut shell, the management style ought to work on enhancing good communication skills while eliminating the challenges as much as possible. According Dobbin (2012) while basing his argument on the systems management theory, differences in alignments in a team is what basically describes the organizational structure. He notes that an effective system is supported by active small groups each of which are driven by specific goals and objectives. For these teams to be effective there is an inevitable need for proper communication. A team consists of borders caused by, age, personality differences, gender, ethnic backgrounds as well as sexual orientations. Despite the differences, it is important to come up with a common ground of management to enhance communication (Posey, 2012). According to the contingency theory of management, there is need for proper cognitive skills when addressing individuals in an organization as this enhances communication and proper team performance. It would therefore be important to recognize and examine the individual personalities before coming up with the best communication approaches meant to elicit positive reception from the target audience (Jarvenpaa and Leidner, 2009). The aspect of team work and an appropriate environment where team members can express their views is highly encouraged in such cases. Through these activities, the individual strengths and weaknesses in terms of communication can be noted which in turn enables the managers to use the right strategies to enhance communication within the organization. Action Plan The outcome of the diagnostic tools revealed two major areas in which I need to make adjustments in order to be better in terms of communication. First of all, bad tempers and ease of irritation affect my verbal skills and at times may cause prejudgment which hinders effective communication. Secondly, I am a poor listener in some situation which may affect my reception to the message being transmitted. In order to deal with these issues plan to enhance my skills in communication through reading extensive literature in addition to continuous practice. The plan would also involve consistent interaction with people from different backgrounds through conferences, meeting and exhibitions. The plan shall also involve studying the changes that take place in communication approaches based on the differences in age, educational achievements, religion and gender just to mention but few. This shall be done for a period of 30 days. This could be achieved by pursuing specific course like a diploma in communication within organizations. A thorough study of the different categories of communication approaches shall be undertaken during this period to establish the varying communication cultures and trends as one moves from one region to another. The plan shall also involve the use of personal studies, reading of literature and research tools like questionnaire and direct interviews to interaction with members of different cultural backgrounds within a period of 1 month. During this period, I shall also attend various educative conferences and meetings as this would also be crucial in developing my skills when it comes to communicating with people. This shall be done for a period of two months. It shall be achieved through participation in activities involving teams and groups. Good communication requires a good understanding of the person(s) with whom one is interacting. By taking part in a number of activities involving teams and groups, it would be possible to learn from the different personalities and hence develop the necessary skills for dealing with each of these individuals. The main objective of this plan would be to register an improvement in terms of communication especially with reference to the two issues identified from the results of the diagnostic tools. For the remaining two months within the 6 month period, these outcomes shall be examined in order to note a possible improvement and the need for more adjustment. At the end of the pe riod, a self-evaluation shall be conducted in a bid to note any improvements and hence focus on further strategies aimed at perfecting my communication skills. Action Plan Summary TASK START DATE DURATION END DATE REMARKS (Achieved/Not achieved) Studying Communication styles across cultures 1st June 30 days 30th June Literature Reading 1st July 30 days 31st July Attending Conferences and meetings 1st August 2 months 30th Sep Evaluation of learned Skills 1st Oct 2 months 30th Nov Conclusion The report comprised an analysis of personal communication skills with reference to various diagnostic tools. The tools included: the Johari window, Big five personality test, communication styles questionnaires, assertiveness questionnaires and the Team work and team roles inventory model. From the tests, it was possible to deduce the two areas in which improvement was required. The issues involved poor control of emotions leading to poor listening skills as well as poor listening skills. Through commitment to the action plan, an improvement is likely to be registered with reference to the challenges identified. References Argenti, P. and Beck, K. (2005) The strategic communication imperative. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(1), pp. 8389. Braisby, A. and Gellatly, A. (2012).Cognitive Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Collings, D. and Wood, G. (2009) Human resource management. London: Routledge. Daft, R. and Armstrong, G. (2009) Organization Theory and Design. Toronto: Nelson. Dattilio, M. and Freeman, A. (2007) Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies in Crisis Intervention (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press Dobbin, F. (2012) The Rise of Bureaucracy. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press. Grace, D. and Cohen, S. (2004) Business Ethics: Problems and Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Griffin, R. (2009) Principles of Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hinings, C. (2013) Returning to the Frontier of Contigency Theory of Organizational and Institutional Designs. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp. 393440. Jarvenpaa, S. and Leidner, D. (2009) Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Organization Science, 10 (6), 791-815. Johnason, P. (2009) HRM in changing organizational contexts: Human resource management: A critical approach. London: Routledge. Klerck, G. (2009) Industrial relations and human resource management. London: Routledge. Klerck, G. (2010) Managing Diversity in Teams. London: Routledge Mark, S. (2014) What Works at Work. New York: The Star bank Press. Merkle, J. (2011) Management and Ideology. California: University of California Press. Mondy, R. and Wayne, J. (2014) Management of Teams and Groups. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited. Paauwe, J., Boon, C. (2009) Strategic HRM: A critical review. London: Routledge. Posey, R.(2012) Modern Organization Theory edited by Mason Haire. Administrative Science Quarterly. 5 (4), pp. 609611 Roux, M. (2007) "Climate conducive to corporate action: 1 All-round Country Edition". The Australian Journal of Management, 14(1), pp. 4-45. Trevisani, D. (2016) Communication for Leadership: Coaching Leadership Skills. Medialab Research, 34(1), pp. 23-34.

Title Nine Essays - Geno Auriemma, Womens Sports,

Title Nine Throughout generations, humans have played organized games and sports. For that same amount of time, it has been instilled that men are faster, stronger, and just plain better at athletics. We also have come to realize that the slower, weaker, and not as good women make up for physical strength with mental prowess, to succeed on the playing fields and courts of the world. However, this concept has not caught up with athletic directors, coaches, and trustees boards across the country. Womens athletics is still not given the financial backing, the practice facilities, the correct training personnel, and the support of the general public for building winning programs; on the other hand, losing mens programs are given any and everything for mediocre results. Title IX was instated 25 years ago, but the results are hard to see, if they can be seen at all. In states like Connecticut, where there are no professional sports teams, state universities are the big ticket in town. The University of Connecticut has two major sports, mens and womens basketball. Winning programs, that include national championships, have everyone in the state talking. They are talking about two successful coaches, two successful teams, and one successful athletic department. According to the UConn Athletic web page, Jim Calhoun, coach of the UConns Mens Basketball team, has a 304-120 (.717) record and 1 national championship in his 13 years as head coach. Geno Auriemma, coach of the UConns Womens Basketball team, has a record of 393-95 (.805) and 2 national championships over the past 15 years. One would think that with seniority, a better winning percentage, and more national championships the womens coach would be paid better. Yeah okay, this is America. Geno Auriemmas salary was about $ 250,000 for the year, while his male coaching counterpart made $ 875,000 . (March 2000 issue of Connecticut Magazine) This practice is actually quite common. Seniority or winning does not earn more money, because it is believed that the mens game is harder to coach then the womens game. Umm am I missing something? A sport is a sport, no matter who is playing it, or so I thought. According to the Detroit Free Press coaches of womens teams, earn 67 cents to every dollar that a coach of a mens team earns. These were shown not to be the only discrepancies between mens and womens program. The Detroit Free Press analysis shows women's sports get 25 percent of the athletic budgets, 27 percent of the recruiting dollars and 38 percent of the financial aid. The average Big 12 School spent an average of 2.2 million dollars on its mens programs. The average spent on womens programs was $ 922,097. Thats a difference of about 1.3 million dollars. These trends continue throughout the country. Athletic Directors are quick to add womens programs to be compliant with the law, but do little to support them once they are up and running. Womens programs are then put into an impossible situation; they are not given the resources to bring in the best recruits, the best coaches, or the best equipment. They are then told to win, and if they do not they are in danger of losing their sport. If they happen to win, it is often ignored or forgotten quickly. As we move into the 21st century, we have to wake up as a nation. Equality is not simply giving males and females the same number of athletes or sports, but rather support. This support should be financial, emotional, and physical. All athletes should look up at home games and see the President of the University, the Athletic Director, and alumni at a game. In the perfect world, this would happen but this is the real world. In the real world, most people cant tell you who won the national championship in womens basketball, but can tell you every loser in the past 10 Super Bowls. Sports and Games

Tips for Telephoning Native English Speakers

Tips for Telephoning Native English Speakers Have you ever had problems understanding native English speakers on the telephone? If so, you are not alone. All English learners have difficulties understanding people on the telephone. This is for a number of reasons: People speak too quicklyPeople dont pronounce the words wellThere are technical problems with the telephonesYou cant see the person you are speaking withIts difficult for people to repeat information This article focuses on the first and last problems listed above. Follow these tips to help you get native speakers of English to slow down! Immediately ask the person to speak slowly.When taking note of a name or important information, repeat each piece of information as the person speaks.  This is an especially effective tool. By repeating each important piece of information or each number or letter as the spell or give you a telephone number you automatically slow the speaker down.Do not say you have understood if you have not. Ask the person to repeat until you have understood.  Remember that the other person needs to make himself/herself understood and it is in his/her interest to make sure that you have understood. If you ask a person to explain more than twice, he will usually slow down.If the person does not slow down, begin speaking your own language!  A sentence or two of another language spoken quickly will remind the person that he is fortunate because he doesnt need to speak a different language to communicate. Used carefully, this exercise in humbling the other speaker can be very effective. Just be su re to use it with colleagues and not with a boss! More Telephone English Telephone English: Dialogue and Appropriate VocabularyTelephone English: Leaving a Message on an Answering MachinePractical Exercises: Exercises to Improve Your Telephoning SkillsRole Plays: Role Play Dialogue Cues to Practice Telephoning with FriendsBusiness Telephone ConversationsTeaching Telephone English: Lesson Plan

The Legend of El Dorado

The Legend of El Dorado El Dorado was a mythical city supposedly located somewhere in the unexplored interior of South America. It was said to be unimaginably rich, with fanciful tales told of gold-paved streets, golden temples and rich mines of gold and silver. Between 1530 and 1650 or so, thousands of Europeans searched the jungles, plains, mountains, and rivers of South America for El Dorado, many of them losing their lives in the process. El Dorado never existed except in the fevered imaginations of these seekers, so it was never found. Aztec and Inca Gold The El Dorado myth had its roots in the vast fortunes discovered in Mexico and Peru. In 1519, Hernn Cortes captured Emperor Montezuma and sacked the mighty Aztec Empire, making off with thousands of pounds of gold and silver and making rich men of the conquistadors who were with him. In 1533, Francisco Pizarro discovered the Inca Empire in the Andes of South America. Taking a page from Cortes book, Pizarro captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa and held him for ransom, earning another fortune in the process. Lesser New World cultures such as the Maya in Central America and the Muisca in present-day Colombia yielded smaller (but still significant) treasures. Would-Be Conquistadors Tales of these fortunes made the rounds in Europe and soon thousands of adventurers from all over Europe were making their way to the New World, hoping to be part of the next expedition. Most (but not all) of them were Spanish. These adventurers had little or no personal fortune but great ambition: most had some experience fighting in Europes many wars. They were violent, ruthless men who had nothing to lose: they would get rich on New World gold or die trying. Soon the ports were flooded with these would-be conquistadors, who would form into large expeditions and set off into the unknown interior of South America, often following the vaguest rumors of gold. The Birth of El Dorado There was a grain of truth in the El Dorado myth. The Muisca people of Cundinamarca (present-day Colombia) had a tradition: kings would coat themselves in a sticky sap before covering themselves in gold powder. The king would then take a canoe to the center of Lake Guatavit and, before the eyes of thousands of his subjects watching from shore, would leap into the lake, emerging clean. Then, a great festival would begin. This tradition had been neglected by the Muisca by the time of their discovery by the Spanish in 1537, but not before word of it had reached the greedy ears of the European intruders in cities all over the continent. El Dorado, in fact, is Spanish for the gilded one: the term at first referred to an individual, the king who covered himself in gold. According to some sources, the man who coined this phrase was conquistador Sebastin de Benalczar. Evolution of the Myth After the Cundinamarca plateau was conquered, the Spanish dredged Lake Guatavit in search of the gold of El Dorado. Some gold was indeed found, but not as much as the Spanish had hoped for. Therefore, they reasoned optimistically, the Muisca must not be the true kingdom of El Dorado and it must still be out there somewhere. Expeditions, composed of recent arrivals from Europe as well as veterans of the conquest, set out in all directions to search for it. The legend grew as illiterate conquistadors passed the legend by word of mouth from one to another: El Dorado was not merely one king, but a rich city made of gold, with enough wealth for a thousand men to become rich forever. The Quest Between 1530 and 1650 or so, thousands of men made dozens of forays into the unmapped interior of South America. A typical expedition went something like this. In a Spanish coastal town on the South American mainland, such as Santa Marta or Coro, a charismatic, influential individual would announce an expedition. Anywhere from one hundred to seven hundred Europeans, mostly Spaniards would sign up, bringing their own armor, weapons, and horses (if you had a horse you got a larger share of the treasure). The expedition would force natives along to carry the heavier gear, and some of the better-planned ones would bring livestock (usually hogs) to slaughter and eat along the way. Fighting dogs were always brought along, as they were useful when fighting bellicose natives. The leaders would often borrow heavily to purchase supplies. After a couple of months, they were ready to go. The expedition would head off, seemingly in any direction. They would stay out for any length of time from a couple of months to as long as four years, searching plains, mountains, rivers, and jungles. They would meet natives along the way: these they would either torture or ply with gifts to get information about where they could find gold. Almost invariably, the natives pointed in some direction and said some variation of our neighbors in that direction have the gold you seek. The natives had quickly learned that the best way to be rid of these rude, violent men was to tell them what they wanted to hear and send them on their way. Meanwhile, illnesses, desertion, and native attacks would whittle down the expedition. Nevertheless, the expeditions proved surprisingly resilient, braving mosquito-infested swamps, hordes of angry natives, blazing heat on the plains, flooded rivers, and frosty mountain passes. Eventually, when their numbers got too low (or when the leader died) the expedition would give up and return home. The Seekers of This Lost City of Gold Over the years, many men searched South America for the legendary lost city of gold. At best, they were impromptu explorers, who treated the natives they encountered relatively fairly and helped map the unknown interior of South America. At worst, they were greedy, obsessed butchers who tortured their way through native populations, killing thousands in their fruitless quest. Here are some of the more distinguished seekers of El Dorado: Gonzalo Pizarro and  Francisco de Orellana: In 1541,  Gonzalo Pizarro, brother of Francisco Pizarro, led an expedition east from Quito. After a few months, he sent his lieutenant Francisco de Orellana in search of supplies: Orellana and his men  instead found the Amazon River, which they followed to the Atlantic Ocean.Gonzalo Jimà ©nez de Quesada: Quesada set out from Santa Marta with 700 men in 1536: in early 1537 they reached the Cundinamarca plateau, home of the Muisca people, which they swiftly conquered. Quesadas expedition was the one that actually found  El Dorado, although the greedy conquistadors at the time refused to admit that the mediocre takings from the Muisca were the fulfillment of the legend and they kept looking.Ambrosius Ehinger: Ehinger was a German: at the time, part of Venezuela was administered by Germans. He set out in 1529 and again in 1531 and led two of the cruelest expeditions: his men tortured natives and sacked their villages relentlessly. He w as killed by natives in 1533 and his men went home. Lope de Aguirre: Aguirre was a soldier on Pedro de Ursà ºas 1559 expedition which set out from Peru. Aguirre, a paranoid psychotic, soon turned the men against Ursà ºa, who was murdered. Aguirre eventually took over the expedition and began a reign of terror, ordering the murder of many of the original explorers and capturing and terrorizing the Island of Margarita. He was killed by Spanish soldiers.Sir Walter Raleigh: this legendary Elizabethan courtier is remembered as the man who introduced potatoes and tobacco to Europe and for his sponsorship of the doomed Roanoke  colony in Virginia. But he also was a seeker of El Dorado: he thought it was in the highlands of Guyana and made two trips there:  one in 1595  and a second in 1617. After the failure of  the second expedition, Raleigh was executed in England. Was It Ever Found? So,  was El Dorado ever found? Sort of. The  conquistadors  followed tales of El Dorado to  Cundinamarca  but refused to believe that they had found the mythical city, so they kept looking. The Spanish didnt know it, but the Muisca civilization was the last major native culture with any wealth. The El Dorado they searched for after 1537 did not exist. Still, they searched and searched: dozens of expeditions containing thousands of men scoured South America until about  1800 when  Alexander Von Humboldt  visited South America and concluded that El Dorado had been a myth all along. Nowadays, you can find El Dorado on a map, although its not the one the Spanish were looking for. There are towns named El Dorado in several countries, including Venezuela,  Mexico, and Canada. In the USA there are no fewer than thirteen towns named El Dorado (or Eldorado).  Finding El Dorado  is easier than ever†¦just dont expect streets paved with gold. The El Dorado legend has proven resilient. The notion of a lost city of gold and the desperate men who search for it is just too romantic for writers and artists to resist. Countless songs, stories  books, and poems (including one by  Edgar Allen Poe) have been written about the subject. There is even a superhero called El Dorado.  Moviemakers, in particular, have been fascinated by the legend: as recently as 2010 a movie was made about a modern-day scholar who finds clues to the lost city of El Dorado: action and shootouts ensue.

Discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussions - Assignment Example Indonesia which happens to be the major producer of palm kernel oil predicts increased yield which triggers increased production of coconut oil related products. From the social reorganization observed across the world, there is increased use of various products like cosmetics which are derived from coconut and this is likely to boost demand of this god substantially. It is important for the management to explore other factors that will improve demand. One of them is to undertake market research on people’s desires in terms of units of sales, packaging and the overall quality. It is equally important for managers to seek other price stabilizing strategies like collective bargaining approach with other producers (Kohler, 75). The Euro crisis is a significant determinant of US economic progress directly and indirectly. It is therefore undisputable fact that this economic slump had significant disturbance on the American Economy. The extensive foreign trade engagement between US and Europe which has been facilitated by globalization is a big factor that influences the existing dependency of the economic trend in these two regions. Most of the American businesses that are undertaken in parts of Europe especially value creation activities due to the comparative advantage concept has generally been affected since the dwindling economic climate offers confusion in terms of predicting the future (Kohler,75). There has been significant borrowing of capital goods by some Euro zone members like Greece and Cyprus besides foreign direct investment which undermines the economy future of US in the event of the Euro crisis that hit in 2012. It is therefore advisable that most businessmen study stock market trend very c arefully and divest to spread the risk and sustain their profit margin. This would entail seeking other value creation places like in Asia and Africa. Making decision to outsource input factor is a global debate among various managers. The thorny

Operation and Logistics Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operation and Logistics Management - Essay Example Hence, it brings value to the firms, in the form of profits by raising its productivity and the ratio of inputs to outputs (p.3); and to customers in improving the quality of products (Klassen 2005, p.1). As a transformation process, OM evolved from the production systems used during the Industrial Revolution known as craft production where highly-skilled artisans individually manufacture goods using simple tools to produce high-quality customised products (Finch 2004, p.7). During these times however, process management was not considered as an integral concept within production, such that individual workers were given free reign on their crafts, resulting to a slow and costly production process lacking uniform standards necessary for effective and efficient operations (Stevenson 2005, p.19). It was not until Taylor’s introduction of scientific management, that processes were given attention in business operations (p.19). Adopting Taylor’s proposal that there is â€Å"one best way† to accomplish tasks workers must follow, Ford developed the â€Å"assembly line† in manufacturing his T-Model, which introduced mass production and the concept of interchangeable parts, revolutionising the automotive industry and generating tremendous cost and time savings (Finch 2004, p.8). As Ford describes it, this new manufacturing process is â€Å"constrained only by the capabilities of the workforce and existing technology† (Chase, Aquilano & Jacobs 2006, p.16). While Ford’s production processes increased productivity and efficiency, it resulted to quality deficiencies, especially when compared to Japanese products that were superior to their US counterparts. This spawned the â€Å"quality revolution†, shifting OM to focus on designing production processes that improved quality, just as much as productivity and cost-efficiency (Stevenson 2005, p.21). Apart from the growing importance of production

What Is Obama Care Essay Example for Free

What Is Obama Care Essay Obama Care (also known as Health Care reform) is a national health care plan aimed at reforming the American health care system. Obama Cares main focus is on providing more Americans with access to affordable health care, regulating the health insurance industry and reducing spending in health care. There are around 44 million Americans who currently are unable to get health insurance. One of the major things Obama Care does is help these individuals to get health insurance through expanding Medicaid and Medicare and offering assistance to Americans who cannot currently afford healthcare. Obama Care helps to ensure that health care coverage is available to any legal U. S. resident who cannot otherwise obtain quality healthcare through their employer. Your access to health care is no longer in the hands of health insurance companies. The first phase of Obamas health care reform began in 2009 with the Affordable Health Care for America Act and was followed by The Patient Protection Act. Which culminated into the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010, or for short â€Å"Affordable Care Act†? After going through several changes the Affordable Care Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Since Obama Care was upheld in the Supreme Court and Barack Obama was sworn into office for a second term Obama Care health care reform is now the law of the land (abet with some major changes made in the Supreme Court ruling). Many reforms have already gone into effect and many more will roll out over the next decade. Obamas healthcare reform is focused on health care funding, reducing the cost of healthcare for Americans, increasing coverage and removing the burden that health care has become on the average American. In the years since its become a law the Affordable Health Care Act, has already made a big difference in our country. Obama Care has done some important thins already such as prohibiting insurance companies from dropping your coverage if you get sick and has been chipping away at discrimination against anyone with a pre-existing condition. No system is perfect, but Obama Care Health Care Reform aims to reform the American medical system towards the favor of the people and away from the monopoly of the medical industry. Obama Care aims to provide complete and comprehensive medical coverage for Americans. Obamas health care reform under the Affordable Care Act is the most significant overhaul to health care industry in decades, covering every aspect of healthcare including mental health, care for seniors, child health, womans health and our nations poorest. Obama Care also provides drug coverage and free preventive care and checkups for children and countless other unprecedented reforms to the American health care system.

Computer Security And The Law :: essays research papers

I. Introduction You are a computer administrator for a large manufacturing company. In the middle of a production run, all the mainframes on a crucial network grind to a halt. Production is delayed costing your company millions of dollars. Upon investigating, you find that a virus was released into the network through a specific account. When you confront the owner of the account, he claims he neither wrote nor released the virus, but he admits that he has distributed his password to "friends" who need ready access to his data files. Is he liable for the loss suffered by your company? In whole or in part? And if in part, for how much? These and related questions are the subject of computer law. The answers may very depending in which state the crime was committed and the judge who presides at the trial. Computer security law is new field, and the legal establishment has yet to reach broad agreement on may key issues. Advances in computer security law have been impeded by the reluctance on the part of lawyers and judges to grapple with the technical side of computer security issues[1]. This problem could be mitigated by involving technical computer security professional in the development of computer security law and public policy. This paper is meant to help bridge to gap between technical and legal computer security communities. II. THE TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE A. The Objectives of Computer Security The principal objective of computer security is to protect and assure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of automated information systems and the data they contain. Each of these terms has a precise meaning which is grounded in basic technical ideas about the flow of information in automated information systems. B. Basic Concepts There is a broad, top-level consensus regarding the meaning of most technical computer security concepts. This is partly because of government involvement in proposing, coordinating, and publishing the definitions of basic terms[2]. The meanings of the terms used in government directives and regulations are generally made to be consistent with past usage. This is not to say that there is no disagreement over the definitions in the technical community. Rather, the range of such disagreement is much narrower than in the legal community. For example there is presently no legal consensus on exactly what constitutes a computer[3]. The term used to establish the scope of computer security is "automated information system," often abbreviated "AIS." An Ais is an assembly of electronic equipment, hardware, software, and firmware configured to collect, create, communicate, disseminate, process, store and control data or information. This includes numerous items beyond the central processing unit and associated

Locus of Control vs Quality of life Essay

The locus of control measures the rational one has on how they assess the nature of cause and effect in their life. Studies show that the measure of control one interprets they have on the incidents in their life the better quality of life they lead. This is the core concept of the relationship between locus of control and quality of life, as well as the main topic of debate for many scholars. In his study† Community Correlates of Outcomes in Subjects with Panic Attacks†, David A. Katerndahl utilizes structured interviews of randomly selected adults from 18 different census tracts to measure the way they perceive their lives. All of those studied are college students, and lack of control directly correlates with stress. Oddly enough, the stressors that apply to these students tend to be some of the same stressors that apply to the lives of everyday working people. For instance Katerndahl notes that one significant stressor all of the students shared had to do with an inadequacy over their income to rent ratio. He ultimately concludes that there is a direct connection that can be made between quality of life and the control one feels they have over occurrences. He connects this finding with cases of panic attacks. The 97 subjects with panic attacks included 78% females, 56% Hispanics, and 30% non-hispanic whites (Katerndahl, 2001). More than anything Katerndahl’s work serves as an adamant argument for women being vulnerable to life stressors and anxiety being a detriment to their health. One major problem in society that is mentally affecting women is the culture of thinness. There is a constant pressure placed on women to be attractive, thin, and fit into the valley girl image established by films As a result, women are more likely to develop eating disorders. Anorexia, an eating disorder that involves drastic fasting, and Bulimia, which consists of binge eating followed by any compensatory behavior, are virtually nonexistent in men (Katerndahl, 2001). Both of these disorders lead to serious health problems but anorexia ultimately leads to death by starvation. It is thought that these disorders are caused by a perceived lack of control in their lives; which is balanced by these women having complete control over their looks. Discrimination against unattractive or overweight women is an unspoken prejudice. This epidemic of attaining physical perfection is actually an unnecessary and harmful setback for women. Here the locus of control, or lack of control, these women feel prevalent in their lives leads to cases of bulimia, anorexia, and even death. While Katerndahl’s study seems to imply that women are more prone to anxiety and and feeling a lack of control. Biologically, research shows that men and women are actually not all that different. Pertaining to cognition, men are more suited for mental rotation, navigation using geometry and recognizing objects within visual backgrounds. Women show better memory for locating objects and navigating through the use of landmarks (Allen, Goldscheider, & Ciambrone, 1999; Baider et al. , 1995; Ben-Tov, 1992; Ptacek et al. , 1994). As far as motor skills, from age 3-5 years old onward, men show an exceptional accuracy at aiming projectiles, while women show the ability for exceptional speech rate and small amplitude coordination. Pertaining to math skills, men are best suited for solving abstract reasoning problems, while women tend to be statistically best at computation and calculation problem solving. As far as verbal abilities go, women show earlier development of virtually every aspect of verbal ability, verbal memory, spelling grammar and fluency (Oren & Sherer, 2001). When emotions come into play, men and women use different areas of their brains to control sexuality, but most of the chemical systems overlap and most of the social bonding is somehow connected to the sexual process. Men and women have different forms of aggression. In most mammals, men tend to be the aggressor; many forms of aggression are controlled through different neural pathways (Oren & Sherer, 2001). BNST manages ‘affective attack’; this region is sensitized by testosterone and desensitized by estrogen. AVP stimulation increases aggressive behavior and drives persistence; circuits for this neuron are also more prevalent in males than in Females (Allen, Goldscheider, & Ciambrone, 1999; Baider et al. , 1995; Ben-Tov, 1992; Ptacek et al. , 1994). The mild biological differences that exist between men and women can only be significantly contrast their methods of responding to stress when the stressor in some way capitalizes on either sex’s chemical weakness. For example, men are psychologically more prone to substance abuse; a man under the influence of a substance that inhibits or enhances the circulation of AVP would affect the testosterone levels in the male’s body, thus making him more or less aggressive. This shift in behavior would entirely be dependent on whether the male abuses substances as a coping strategy for stress. This would have the same effect for a woman, but men are more prone to this dysfunctional behavior. Oddly enough, maternal stress can lead to a drop testosterone development desynchronizing or preventing masculinization. Stress can also effect the human body’s ability to heal itself when sick or influence the method of coping with disease. The biological assessment of both men and women show that at the core of the human mind everyone has a similar breaking point or defining line that depending on circumstances could drive any individual toward a panic attack. Katerndahl’s end finding sums it up best when he say, â€Å"This study found that, with the exception of overall quality of life, all of the assessed outcomes were associated with at least one community factor, accounting for up to 15% of outcome variance. Although previous work found that country-level variables (i. e. , unemployment, gross national product) were not related to morbidity or work satisfaction [Benavides et al. , 2000], this does not imply a lack of impact by neighborhood level factors (Katerndahl, 2001). † Here he is basically pointing out that in all of the events that occurred in the lives of each respective college individual, all of the students at least felt that 15% of the effects they endured were caused by community events out of their control. Which is understandable, but it also suggests there is a window for perceived helplessness in the psyche of all individuals, a panic attack is just dependant on the measure of one’s locus of control. Everything has a cause and effect, and while an individual can dictate their course of actions, sometimes the effect can be unpredictable and completely controlled by community events. For example, Katerndahl mentions how a major source of anxiety for many people is maintaining an adequate rent to income ratio. An individual who has a weak sense of control might fall into a morbid depression over their income which is ultimately designated by the government, so they rightfully feel as though they are catching a bad break; but, they also have the option of working more hours, or bettering their education for higher pay. In this scenario the locus of control is decided by deeply one buys into the illusion of being without options. This is a characteristic that many of the scholars suggest is measured by socioeconomic factors, such as upbringing, family education, and the environment of one’s neighborhood. This is the core concept in Jerome J. Tobacyk’s work. In Tobacyk’s article Changes in Locus of Control Beliefs in Polish University Students Before and After Democratization, he argues that sociocultural changes through changes that occurred through the democratization of Poland ultimately allowed for shifts in the locus of control perceived by Polish citizens. He directly connects ones economic circumstance to the extent of which they can construct their life. He argues that the ability of one to reinvent themselves was seen as a luxury only accessible to the financial elite before Poland became a legitimate democracy. As he notes, â€Å"The recent dramatic democratization movement in Poland allowed a study of the effects of the transformation from an external control to an internal control sociocultural situation on individual locus of control beliefs. This study compares the locus of control beliefs of Polish university students before (in 1985) and just after (in 1991) the profound sociocultural change of democracy. Here it becomes clear that the imediet newfound belief that one can achieve entirely independent of heritage, race, religion, or sex has the ability to uplift the moral of an entire nation. The author further notes that, â€Å"The most dramatic transformation was the change toward internal control (ie. Autonomy, independence, self-determination) in the sociopolitical effort (Tobacyk, 2001). † In sum, with their studies, these scholars show that one’s perceived happiness is just a measure of the control they insist they have over their respective circumstances. They can only insist they have this control, because even this control is just based on perception. As Katerndahl’s study shows only a fool would live as though outside forces have no effect on one’s life just as a lunatic might believe their life is completely driven by predestined events. Work Cited Allen, S. M. , Goldscheider, F. , & Ciambrone, D. A. (1999). Gender roles, marital intimacy and nomination of spouse as primary caregiver. Gerontologist,39, 150–158. Almeida, D. M. , & Kessler, R. C. (1998) Everyday stressors and gender differences in daily. distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75,670–680 Long J. D. , & Williams R. L. (1988) The relationship of Locus of Control to Life Style Habits. Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 44, no. 2 Katerndahl, M. D. , M. A. (2001) Community Correlates of Outcomes in Subjects with Panic Attacks. Depression and Anxiety 13:194–197 Oren, N. , & Sherer, M. (2001). Cancer Patients and their Spouses: Gender and its Effect on Psychological and Social Adjustment. Journal of Health Psychology, 6(3), 329-338. Retrieved Sep. 18, 2008, from file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Simon%20Breedon/My%20Documents/Gender%20Differences-Coping%20with%20Stress. pdf. Tobacyk, J. (2001). Changes in Locus of Control Beliefs in Polish University Students Before and After Democratization. The Journal of Social Psychology, 132(2), 217-222

Air Pollution Control in India

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA Air pollution  is the introduction of  chemicals,  particulate matter, or  biological materials  that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the  natural environment  or  built environment, into the  atmosphere. The first law against air pollution was passed in 1873. Air pollution can be classified broadly in two types: 1) Urban * Industrialization * Vehicles The increasing number of vehicles and industries constitute a major source for air pollution in urban areas. Heavy subsidy on Diesel also contributed to urban air pollution. 2) Rural * Indoor air pollution Indoor air pollution is caused due to poor availability of resources. It is directly and indirectly linked to lack of awareness and unaffordability which can be tackled by creating more employment opportunities for people. In India around 60% of the total population lives in rural areas and thus pollution caused due to indoor burning of solids is also very high. Case study: Bhopal Gas tragedy (1984) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, involving a massive release of 40 tonnes heavier-than-air toxic methylisocyanate (MIC) gas, resulted in the death or injury of many thousands of people in the surrounding residential areas.It is attributed to the failure of safety systems, which allowed forty tones of the poisonous methyl isocyanate from the Union Carbide plant, to mix with water at a high temperature. Half a million people were exposed to the gas and 20,000 have died to date as a result of their exposure. More than 120,000 people still suffer from ailments caused by the accident and the subsequent pollution at the plant site. These ailments include blindness, extreme difficulty in breathing, and gynecological disorders. Controlling Air Pollution:National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP)- The objectives of the N. A. M. P. are to determine status and trends of ambient air quality; to ascertain whether the prescribed ambient a ir quality standards are violated; to Identify Non-attainment Cities; to obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures and to understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated.UNEPs Indian Solar Loan Program- The aim of this effort is to help Canara bank and Syndicate bank develop lending portfolios specifically targeted at financing solar home systems (SHS). With the support of the UN Foundation and Shell Foundation, the project provides an interest rate subsidy to lower the cost to customers of SHS financing.

AFRO-005, Section 04 [3 Credit Hours], CRN 10015[1 Essays

AFRO-005, Section 04 [3 Credit Hours], CRN 10015[1 Essays AFRO-005, Section 04 [3 Credit Hours], CRN 10015[1] Introduction to Afro-American Studies I[2], Spring, 2010 Semester Tuesdays/Thursdays, Ernest Everett Just[3] Hall (Biology) Auditorium, 9:40- 11:00 a.m.. Greg E. Carr, Ph.D., J.D., Associate Professor; Office: Founder's Library, Room 318 [202.806.7581, [emailprotected]] Office Hours: Tuesdays, 1-3 p.m.; Thursdays, 5:30-7:30 p.m.; By Appointment This course introduces and teaches students to apply major concepts and methods of the stand-alone academic field, discipline and meta- discipline of Africana Studies[4]. General Course Objectives: Students successfully completing this course[5] will be able to: . Identify and discuss the broad contours and some key specifics of the African intellectual tradition and genealogy, from antiquity to the present; . Utilize vocabulary, comparative and evaluative techniques explicitly associated with the academic field, discipline and meta-discipline of Africana Studies to analyze texts, practices and narratives; and . Relate a working knowledge of the African historical experience as a discrete element of world history, and demonstrate greater acquaintance with and interpretive acuity for institutions and forces shaping Africana life in the period of late modernity [1800 to the present], for the African experience in Latin, Caribbean, and North America and Africa in general and the United States in particular. Interdisciplinary Course Objectives Students successfully completing this course will be able to: . Describe and use basic academic vocabulary, concepts and methods (skills) associated with the academic field, discipline and meta- discipline of Africana Studies in their bi-weekly response essays; . Apply basic academic vocabulary, concepts and methods (skills) associated with other academic fields, including (but not limited to): History, Literature, Art History and Physics and Mathematics in an interdisciplinary fashion in their bi-weekly response essays; . Demonstrate a basic understanding of conceptual approaches common to clusters of academic fields. . Participate in Learning Communities with other faculty and students taking interdisciplinary research courses and integrate themes discussed in bi-weekly response essays and mbongi forms Research Skills Course Objectives Students successfully completing this course will be able to: . Describe and apply basic steps in completing a research paper in the social sciences or humanities; . Evaluate source materials critically and incorporate their evaluation in each bi-weekly response essay; . Identify the steps in creating a research proposal and final research project requiring the demonstration of applied skills in the field and discipline of Africana Studies and at least one other academic field/discipline. Evaluation System[6]: Bi-Weekly Written Response Essays [5]: 20% Every two weeks, you will be required to submit [typed, double- spaced] a three-page response essay. This essay will follow the format of a mini-research paper. Accordingly, it will rely on your notes taken from the previous two week's class readings and classroom discussions. You are required to include no fewer than two (2) citations from your reading assignments and no fewer than two (2) citations from class discussions and/or materials discussed in class. Each review will include the following categories: . Abstract [With Clearly Worded Thesis Statement of 1-2 sentences]: Your abstract should be a one paragraph answer to the framing question for the period. It should tell the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. For example: Framing question one asks "How do we undertake the study of the African experience?" The first paragraph of your essay should give your clearly worded scholarly opinion on how to answer that question based on your notes from the readings and class discussions. You will spend the rest of the essay persuading the reader of the logic of your interpretation based on the evidence you have found in your textbooks and class notes to support what you have said in this first paragraph. [Many researchers refer to this paragraph as the "abstract" and also use it to summarize their paper. This requires them to compose it last, as a summary of their longer paper]. . Critical Review of Scholarship: You should indicate in several paragraphs what specific sources you will be referring to in your essay, and for what specific points. You will, of course, be referring to the class textbooks, but should also refer to sources introduced in class. This is also the section of the paper where you should indicate how well your textbooks help you to answer the bi-weekly framing question. This last point is critical: This

Teens Having Sex

Teens Having Sex Young women and teen girls trying to figure out the right age to have sex frequently want to know the answer to a related question: When do most teens have sex? When they see other teens having sex on TV and in films- and read about it in magazines and books- many get the wrong idea that everyone else is having sex except for them. Its an exaggerated image thats fed by depictions of sexually active teens in films like  Ladybird and TV shows like Mom, The United States of Tara, Riverdale, and 13 Reasons Why. The regular presence of pregnant teens in the media spotlight makes it seem as if most teens between ages 15 and 19 are having sex- and that this activity is commonplace. The truth? The majority of teens ages 15 to 19 are not having sex. In fact, only 46 percent of teens in this age group in the U.S. have had sex at least once. Worried parents and anxious teens can calm their anxiety by understanding that the medias obsession with teen sex is more a result of hype than a reflection of reality. Unlike some of the characters of Riverdale, who are having sex at 15, real-life teens who are actually sexually active tend to be older. The Guttmacher Institutes September 2017 report titled Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in the United States debunks this and other myths about teens sexual behavior. According to the Guttmacher study, On average, young people in the United States have sex for the first time at about age 17. And this is part of a trend: In recent years, teens are waiting longer and longer to have sex. In 2011–2013, about 13% of never-married females aged 15–19 and 18% of never-married males in that age group had had sex before age 15, compared with 19% and 21%, respectively, in 1995.   Despite the lingering stereotype that teen sex is all about casual hookups with no commitment between sexual partners, 73 percent of teen females report that the first time they had sex, they did so with a steady boyfriend, a fiancà ©, a husband, or a cohabiting partner. The news gets better. Teens who engage in sex are taking more responsibility for avoiding pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. From 2011 to 2013 over three-quarters (79 percent) of sexually active teen females used contraception when having sex for the first time. This represents a radical change in behavior from 1982, when only 48 percent of teen females used contraception the first time. Perhaps most importantly, this practice is sustained past that first encounter: In 2006–2010, 86% of females and 93% of males aged 15–19 reported having used contraceptives the last time they had sex. This increase in contraceptive use has paid off. In 2013, the adolescent pregnancy rate reached a record low...less than 5% of females [aged 15–19] became pregnant. This is a precipitous decline of around a third of the peak rate, which occurred in 1990. Theres one thing that reality TV shows and teen pregnancy dramas do get right: 75 percent of teen pregnancies are unplanned. Source Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in the United States. Guttmacher Institute, guttmacher.org. September 11, 2017.

Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture - Essay Example h disparities in the Muslim culture are the same as those that affect other people, but they require a different approach in some forms of treatment so that they adhere to their beliefs. Today, Muslims approach healthcare in different ways, for example, those in the rural areas are deeply rooted in their beliefs, and they do not accept western medicine. They prefer to use traditional medicines in the event that someone is sick. Today, there are traditional healers who use still use the mixture of Quran and other traditional healing techniques like herbs for treatment. Some of them use superstitious practices, and this goes against their beliefs. However, some have adapted to the western medicines, but they require certain values to be followed. They believe in preventive measures since they believe that Allah did not create any disease. They look into their religious, social heritage when using any form of treatment. They have celebrated dates such as Eid Fitr and Eid Adha, and medical practitioners need to consider these dates. For example, their diet requires exceptional care since they are not permitted to feed on pork. Medical practitioners need to ensure that their medicines and food are free from pork supplements. The gap in Muslims that hinders their healthcare is the strict following of the Quran. Cases have been reported where people die since the writings in the Quran do not allow a certain procedure. I believe that they should typify flexibility in their treatment so that medical practices are efficient. Therefore, healthcare providers need to understand beliefs of different cultures so that treating them conform s to their beliefs hence improving health

Nursing Practice Gap Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Practice Gap Paper - Essay Example This is important in guaranteeing the quality of nursing practice. Linking theory to practice would also make it easy for nurses to carry out their work in a professional way. Identification of nursing practice area In modern nursing, more nurses and health organisations are finding it necessary to work with the society as a way of improving the way the health services are delivered to the patient. This involves working closely with the family of the patient in order to ensure that the patient is getting the right care. This practice is based on the fact that when a member of the family is sick, the whole family is affected, and the whole family must be taken care of to be able to restore the health of the individual as quickly as possible. Lack of theory Although many healthcare institutions are trying to apply this practice, there is very little theoretical support for the practice. This means that, there is no guidance on how nurses should be able to apply this practice. It also m eans that, there is no standard template, which can be applied to this practice and this in turn means that individual healthcare institutions will try to implement this in their own different way (Allmark, 1995). Lack of a theoretical framework has also meant that the application of this practice in nursing is also devoid of ways in which to measure the outcome of the practice. There is, therefore, a deep need to come up with a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding master-plan on how this should be carried out (Basford & Slevin, 2006). In applying this practice without a well researched and developed framework, there is a risk that this will be applied the wrong way, and this may affect the quality of the healthcare given to patients. Current theories Although there are no scientific theories, which can be used to elucidate this practice, the science of unitary human beings theory as developed by Martha E. Rogers is one of the theories, which can be used to understand this area of practice. The Science of unitary human beings theory looks at the human body as a unit of energy, which relates with the rest of the universe, including living and non living things. This by extension can be used to explain how patients relate to their family members during the recovery period. Science of unitary human beings theoretical framework is a grand theory, which covers a lot of mini-theories about nursing. The importance of this is the fact that it focuses on the individual and how the individual relates with the world around them. Rationale for theory for this practice There is a need to develop a theory which will guide on this nursing practice. This is due to a number of important reasons. To begin with, as discussed in the introduction, practice without theory is blind. It is necessary to develop a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding motif for nurses to implement the practice. Developing a theoretical framework will aid nursing processionals to know how to practice this and how to get the best results from using the practice in nursing (Scully, 2011). Measurability through laid out expectations of the practice will also be achieved through the development of a theoretical framework. One of the fundamental uses of theory in nursing is to be able to

International Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Paper - Essay Example In economic terms the GDP is defined as the, "total market value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports." In a layman's terms the GDP is the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year. It's relevance to the business planning of the Big Auto Drive is that, it will give the company an idea on how it faired in comparison to the other similar companies and what kind of a role did it play in contributing to the GDP of the country. Another significance of the GDP is that it shows the position of the sellers and their products. Inflation is the, "persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services." (Robinson K., April 2007) In simple terms inflation is the rise in the value of commodity and fall in the value of money. The selection of Inflation as one of the macroeconomic measure of output and prices for the planning of the Big Auto Drive can be justified in many ways. Inflation has a direct impact on variables like consumption, savings and investment. Inflation affects the economic growth of the country and is the cause of higher levels of inequity in income. Relationship between macroeconomic variables and Big Auto Drive The sales data of the different commodities of Big Drive Auto shows a kind of uniform trend. The margin of disparity in sales from 98' to 07' is pretty much on an average level. For instance, table one illustrating the vehicle sales unit, shows that in the year 1998 the company sold 139 units followed by 160 in 99' then 145 in 00' and 133 in 01'. The highest number of unit sales achieved by the company was in the year 2003, the number of sold units accounting to 167. 2001 was the year the company sold the lowest number of units, 133. This shows that the difference between the maximum and the minimum number of sales in the span of 8 years from 98' to 07' is not very much. But one thing to be noted here is that from the year 03' on the sales have been on the higher side, in the 160's line. So the relevance of this data to the U.S GDP is that, the highest contribution made by the company to the country's economy in terms of vehicles' sale was in the year 2003. The data of an organizatio n also helps to map the growth rate of the GDP of a country. The fact that inflation leads to the rise in prices of goods and commodities is known to everyone. But the core knowledge of the effect of inflation on

The Lung Chronic Disease Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Nursing Essay

The Lung Chronic Disease Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Nursing Essay Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or BPD is a form of chronic lung disease that develops in preterm neonates and is treated with oxygen and positive-pressure ventilation (PPV). In this paper I will discuss exactly what bronchopulmonary dysplasia is, its pathophysiology, the etiology, its clinical presentation, and any differential diagnosis of the disease. I will also present in my research the treatment and management for the disease, its prognosis, and the sequelae. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia formerly known as Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy is a chronic lung disorder that is more prevalent in children who were born prematurely with low birthweights, and whose lungs havent had the time to fully develop. White male infants seem to be at a greater risk for development, and genetics may contribute to some of these cases. It is also very common in those who have received prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It is ironic that the treatment for RDS is considered to be the prime cause of BPD. With the treatment of RDS the patient is treated with high pressures and high FiO2 over a period of time. Its the high pressures of oxygen delivery that can result in necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolar septal injury; this action further compromises the oxygenation of blood. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is characterized by inflammation and scarring in the lungs. The signs and symptoms to watch out for are the oxygen deman ds of the infant not decreasing as they should, in some cases even increasing. Fast breathing, a fast heart rate, flared nostrils, retractions, poor weight gain, and coarse crackles may be heard upon auscultation. The pathophysiology of BPD is linked to four factors. These factors are oxygen toxicity, barotrauma, the presence of a PDA (patent ductus arteriosus), and fluid overload. Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen can lead to edema and the thickening of the alveolar membrane. When you have prolonged exposure it causes the alveolar tissues to hemorrhage and become necrotic. As the disease progresses the interstitial spaces will become fibrotic. When the lung tries to heal itself, all of the new cells are damaged by the same factors as before, and it continues in a cycle. All of this can interfere with alveolarization and lead to alveolar simplification with a reduction in the surface area for gas exchange. Any damage to the lung during a critical stage of growth will result in significant pulmonary dysfunction. With patients who have left-to-right shunting through the PDA it is more likely that they develop pulmonary congestion and worsening compliance. With this problem the patient wi ll need higher ventilatory pressures and oxygen percentages to help with ventilation and oxygenation; therefore they have a higher risk of BPD. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia develops as a result of an infants lungs becoming irritated or inflamed. The lungs of premature infants are very fragile and arent fully developed, and therefore they can become easily irritated. Ventilators are used to help with the breathing by using pressure to blow air into the airways and lungs. However it is the pressures used that can irritate and harm a premature infants lungs, so they are used only when absolutely needed. Sometimes oxygen therapy is given to make sure that the infants brains, hearts, livers, and kidneys get enough oxygen to work properly. However in some cases high levels of oxygen can inflame the lining of the lungs and injure the airways, it can also slow lung development. Another cause is infections that can inflame the underdeveloped lungs of premature infants. With this problem it causes narrowing of the airways and makes it harder for infants to breathe. Lung infections can also increase the need for extra oxygen and breathin g support which in turn leads to the ventilation and extra oxygen requirements. There are some studies also show that heredity plays a role in causing BPD. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia will have abnormal findings on physical exams, chestx-rays, pulmonary function testing, and histopathologic examinations. Initial findings observed shortly after birth are consistent with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Persistence of these abnormalities can be associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Physical examination may reveal tachypnea, tachycardia, increased work of breathing, including retractions, nasal flaring, and grunting, as well as frequent desaturations and significant weight loss during the first 10 days of life. Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia are often extremely immature and had a very low birth weight. Their requirements for oxygen and ventilatory support often increase in the first 2 weeks of life. At weeks 2-4, oxygen supplementation, ventilator support, or both are often increased to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Dif DX Atelectasis refers to collapse of part of the lung. It may include a lung subsegment or the entire lung and is almost always a secondary phenomenon, with no sex or race proclivities; however, it may occur more frequently in younger children than in older children and adolescents. The direct morbidity from atelectasis is transient hypoxemia due to blood flowing through the lung, which does not have normal air flow. The blood does not pick up oxygen from the corresponding alveoli. This shunting results in transient hypoxemia. Hypertension Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the more common congenital heart defects. The presentation widely varies. Depending on the size of the patent ductus arteriosus, the gestational age of the neonate, and the pulmonary vascular resistance, a premature neonate may develop life-threatening pulmonary overcirculation in the first few days of life. Conversely, an adult with a small patent ductus arteriosus may present with a newly discovered murmur well after adolescence. During fetal life, the ductus arteriosus is a normal structure that allows most of the blood leaving the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation and pass into the descending aorta. Typically, only about 10% of the right ventricular output passes through the pulmonary vascular bed. Pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections are the leading causes of death worldwide. Because pneumonia is common and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, properly diagnosing pneumonia, correctly recognizing any complications or underlying conditions, and appropriately treating patients are important. Although in developed countries the diagnosis is usually made on the basis of radiographic findings, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined pneumonia solely on the basis of clinical findings obtained by visual inspection and on timing of the respiratory rate. (See Clinical Presentation.) Pneumonia may originate in the lung or may be a focal complication of a contiguous or systemic inflammatory process. Abnormalities of airway patency as well as alveolar ventilation and perfusion occur frequently due to various mechanisms. These derangements often significantly alter gas exchange and dependent cellular metabolism in the many tissues and organs that determine survival and contribute to quality of life. Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a narrowing of the subglottic airway (see image below), which is housed in the cricoid cartilage. The subglottic airway is the narrowest area of the airway because it is a complete, nonexpandable, and nonpliable ring, unlike the trachea, which has a posterior membranous section, and the larynx, which has a posterior muscular section. Tracheomalacia is a structural abnormality of the tracheal cartilage allowing collapse of its walls and airway obstruction. A deficiency and/or malformation of the supporting cartilage exists, with a decrease in the cartilage-to-muscle ratio. Immaturity of the tracheobronchial cartilage is thought to be the cause in type I, whereas degeneration of previously healthy cartilage is thought to produce other types. Inflammatory processes, extrinsic compression from vascular anomalies, or neoplasms may produce degeneration. Diffuse malacia of the airway of the congenital origin improves by age 6-12 months as the structural integrity of the trachea is restored gradually with resolution of the process. Treatment and management Treatment in the NICU is designed to limit stress on infants and meet their basic needs of warmth, nutrition, and protection. Once doctors diagnose BPD, some or all of the treatments used for RDS will continue in the NICU. Such treatment usually includes: Using radiant warmers or incubators to keep infants warm and reduce the chances of infection. Ongoing monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and temperature through sensors taped to the babies bodies. Using sensors on fingers or toes to check the amount of oxygen in the infants blood. Giving fluids and nutrients through needles or tubes inserted into the infants veins. This helps prevent malnutrition and promotes growth. Nutrition is critical to the growth and development of the lungs. Later, babies may be given breast milk or infant formula through feeding tubes that are passed through their noses or mouths and into their throats. Checking fluid intake to make sure that fluid doesnt build up i n the babies lungs. As their condition improves, babies who have BPD are weaned or taken off NCPAP or ventilators slowly, until they can breathe on their own. These infants will likely need to continue getting oxygen therapy for some time. If your infant has moderate to severe BPD, echocardiography may be done every few weeks to months to check his or her pulmonary artery pressure. If your child needs long-term support from a ventilator, he or she will likely have a tracheostomy (TRA-ke-OS-to-me). A tracheostomy is a surgically made hole that goes through the front of the neck and into the trachea (TRA-ke-ah), or windpipe. Your childs doctor will put the breathing tube from the ventilator through the hole. Using a tracheostomy instead of an endotracheal (en-do-TRA-ke-al) tube has several advantages. (An endotracheal tube is a breathing tube inserted through the nose or mouth and into the windpipe.) Long-term use of an endotracheal tube can damage the trachea. This damage may later r equire surgery to correct. A tracheostomy may allow your baby to interact more with you and the NICU staff, start talking, and develop other skills.While your baby is in the NICU, he or she also may need physical therapy. Physical therapy can help strengthen your childs muscles and clear mucus out of his or her lungs.Infants who have BPD can recover, but many spend several weeks or months in the hospital. This allows them to get the care they need. Before your baby goes home, its important for you to learn as much as you can about your childs condition and how its treated. Your baby may continue to have some breathing symptoms after he or she leaves the hospital. Your child will likely continue on all or some of the treatments that were started at the hospital, including:Medicines, such as bronchodilators, steroids, diuretics, and caffeine. Oxygen therapy and/or breathing support from NCPAP or a ventilator. Extra nutrition and calories, which may be given through a feeding tube. Pre ventive treatment with a medicine called palivizumab for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This common virus leads to mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older, healthy children. However, in infants-especially those in high-risk groups-RSV can be more serious, leading to severe breathing problems. Your child also should have regular checkups with and timely vaccinations from a pediatrician. This is a doctor who specializes in treating children. If your child needs oxygen therapy or a ventilator at home, a pulmonary specialist may help with long-term medical care and make treatment recommendations. Mechanical ventilation In most cases of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome is diagnosed and treated. The mainstay for treating RDS has been surfactant replacement with oxygen supplementation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and mechanical ventilation. The treatment necessary to recruit alveoli and prevent atelectasis in the immature lung may cause lung injury and activate the inflammatory cascade. Trauma secondary to positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is generally referred to as barotrauma. With the recent focus on a ventilation strategy involving low versus high tidal volume, some investigators have adopted the term volutrauma. Volutrauma suggests the occurrence of lung injury secondary to excessive tidal volume from PPV. The severity of lung immaturity, the fetal milieu, and the effects of surfactant deficiency determine the need for PPV, surfactant supplementation, and resultant barotrauma or volutrauma. With severe lung immaturity, the total number of alveoli is reduced, increasing the positive pressure transmitted to distal terminal bronchioles. In the presence of surfactant deficiency, surface tension forces are increased. Some compliant alveoli may become hyperinflated, whereas other saccules with increased surface tension remain collapsed. With increasing PPV to recruit alveoli and improve gas exchange, the compliant terminal bronchiole and alveolar ducts may rupture, leaking air into the interstitium, with resultant pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE). The occurrence of PIE greatly increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Many modes of ventilation and many ventilator strategies have been studied to potentially reduce lung injury, such as synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV), high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV), and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Results have been mixed, although some theoretical benefits are associated with these alternative modes of ventilation. Although shorter duration of mechanical ventilation has been demonstrated in some trials of SIMV, most trials have not had a large enough sample size to demonstrate a reduction in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Systematic reviews suggest that optimal use of conventional ventilation may be as effective as HFOV in improving pulmonary outcomes. Regardless of the high-frequency strategy used, avoidance of hypocarbia and optimization of alveolar recruitment may decrease the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and associated of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. PPV with various forms of nasal CPAP has been reported to decrease injury to the developing lung and may reduce the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In general, centers that use gentler ventilation with more CPAP and less intubation, surfactant, and indomethacin had the lowest rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxygen and PPV frequently are life-saving in extremely preterm infants. However, early and aggressive CPAP may eliminate the need for PPV and exogenous surfactant or facilitate weaning from PPV. Some recommend brief periods of intubation primarily for the administration of exogenous surfactant quickly followed by extubation and nasal CPAP to minimize the need for prolonged PPV. This strategy may be most effective in infants without severe RDS, such as many infants with birth weights of 1000-1500 g. In infants who require oxygen and PPV, careful and meticulous treatment can minimize oxygen toxicity and lung injury. Optimal levels include a pH level of 7.2-7.3, a partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of 45-55 mm Hg, and a partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) level of 50-70 mm Hg (with oxygen saturation at 87-92%). Assessment of blood gases requires arterial, venous, or capillary blood samples. As a result, indwelling arterial lines are often inserted early in the acute management of RDS. Samples obtained from these lines provide the most accurate information about pulmonary function. Arterial puncture may not provide completely accurate samples because of patient agitation and discomfort. Capillary blood gas results, if samples are properly obtained, may be correlated with arterial values; however, capillary samples may widely vary, and results for carbon dioxide are poorly correlated. Following trends in transcutaneous PO2 andP CO2 may reduce the need for frequent blood gas measurements. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and oxygen is often difficult in infants with moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and few criteria are defined to enhance the success of extubation. When tidal volumes are adequate and respiratory rates are low, a trial of extubation and nasal CPAP may be indicated. Atrophy and fatigue of the respiratory muscles may lead to atelectasis and extubation failure. A trial of endotracheal CPAP before extubation is controversial because of the increased work of breathing and airway resistance. Optimization of methylxanthines and diuretics and adequate nutrition may facilitate weaning the infant from mechanical ventilation. Meticulous primary nursing care is essential to ensure airway patency and facilitate extubation. Prolonged and repeated intubations, as well as mechanical ventilation, may be associated with severe upper airway abnormalities, such as vocal cord paralysis, subglottic stenosis, and laryngotracheomalacia. Bronchoscopic evaluation should be considered in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in whom extubation is repeatedly unsuccessful. Surgical interventions (cricoid splitting, tracheostomy) to address severe structural abnormalities are used less frequently today than in the past. Oxygen therapy Oxygen can accept electrons in its outer ring to form free radicals. Oxygen free radicals can cause cell-membrane destruction, protein modification, and DNA abnormalities. Compared with fetuses, neonates live in a relatively oxygen-rich environment. Oxygen is ubiquitous and necessary for extrauterine survival. All mammals have antioxidant defenses to mitigate injury due to oxygen free radicals. However, neonates have a relative deficiency in antioxidant enzymes. The major antioxidant enzymes in humans are superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Activity of antioxidant enzymes tend to increase during the last trimester of pregnancy, similar to surfactant production, alveolarization, and development of the pulmonary vasculature. Increases in alveolar size and number, surfactant production, and antioxidant enzymes prepare the fetus for transition from a relatively hypoxic intrauterine environment to a relatively hyperoxic extrauterine environment. Preterm birth exposes the neonate to high oxygen concentrations, increasing the risk of injury due to oxygen free radical. Animal and human studies of supplemental superoxide dismutase and catalase supplementation have shown reduced cell damage, increased survival, and possible prevention of lung injury. Evidence of oxidation of lipids and proteins has been found in neonates who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Supplementation with superoxide dismutase in ventilated preterm infants with RDS substantially reduced in readmissions compared with placebo-treated control subjects. Further trials are currently under way to examine the effects of supplementation with superoxide dismutase in preterm infants at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Ideal oxygen saturation for term or preterm neonates of various gestational ages has not been definitively determined. In practice, many clinicians have adopted conservative oxygen saturation parameters (ie, 87-92%). A delicate balance to optimally promote neonatal pulmonary (alveolar and vascular) and retinal vascular homeostasis is noted. In the Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (STOP-ROP) trial to reduce severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), oxygen saturations of more than 95% minimally affected retinopathy but increased the risk for pneumonia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The normal oxygen requirement of a preterm infant is unknown. Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale may result from chronic hypoxia and lead to airway remodeling in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxygen is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO causes smooth muscle cells to relax by activating cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Currently, pulse oximetry is the mainstay of noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation. Repeated episodes of desaturation and hypoxia may occur in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia receiving mechanical ventilation as a result of decreased respiratory drive, altered pulmonary mechanics, excessive stimulation, bronchospasm, and forced exhalation efforts. Forced exhalation efforts due to infant agitation may cause atelectasis and recurrent hypoxic episodes. Hyperoxia may overwhelm the neonates relatively deficient antioxidant defenses and worsen bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The patients oxygen requirements are frequently increased during stressful procedures and feedings. Some NICUs have adopted a conservative oxygen saturation policy of maintaining saturations of 88-94%. Caregivers are more likely to follow wide guidelines for ranges of oxygen saturation than narrow ones. Some infants, especially those living at high altitudes, may require oxygen therapy for many months. Transfusion of packed RBCs may increase oxygen-carrying capacity in preterm infants who have anemia (hematocrit The need for multiple transfusions and donor exposures can be minimized by using iron supplementation, a reduction in phlebotomy requirements, and by use of erythropoietin administration. Treatment of inflammation Elevated levels of interleukin-6 and placental growth factor in the umbilical venous blood of preterm neonates are associated with increased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This inflammation likely affects alveolarization and vascularization of the pulmonary system of the second-trimester fetus. Fetal sheep exposed to inflammatory mediators or endotoxin develop inflammation and abnormal lung development. Activation of inflammatory mediators has been demonstrated in humans and animal models of acute lung injury. Activation of leukocytes after cell injury caused by oxygen free radicals, barotrauma, infection, and other stimuli may begin the process of destruction and abnormal lung repair that results in acute lung injury then bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Radiolabeled activated leukocytes have been recovered by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in preterm neonates receiving oxygen and PPV. These leukocytes, as well as lipid byproducts of cell-membrane destruction, activate the inflammatory cascade and are metabolized to arachidonic acid and lysoplatelet factor. Lipoxygenase catabolizes arachidonic acid, resulting in the production of cytokines and leukotrienes. Cyclooxygenase may also metabolize these byproducts to produce thromboxane, prostaglandin, or prostacyclin. All of these substances have potent vasoactive and inflammatory properties. levels of these substances are elevated in the first days of life, as measured in tracheal aspirates of preterm infants who subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Metabolites of arachidonic acid, lysoplatelet factor, prostaglandin, and prostacyclin may cause vasodilatation, increase capillary permeability with subsequent albumin leakage, and inhibit surfactant function. This effects increase oxygenation and ventilation requirements and potentially increase rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B in early postnatal life is associated with death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Collagenase and elastase are released from activated neutrophils. These enzymes may directly destroy lung tissue because hydroxyproline and elastin (breakdown products of collagen and elastin) have been recovered in the urine of preterm infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Alpha1-proteinase inhibitor mitigates the action of elastases and is activated by oxygen free radicals. Increased activity and decreased function of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor may worsen lung injury in neonates. A decrease in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and in the need for continued ventilator support is found in neonates given supplemental alpha1-proteinase inhibitor. All of these findings suggest the fetal inflammatory response effects pulmonary development and substantially contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The self-perpetuating cycle of lung injury is accentuated in the extremely preterm neonate with immature lungs. Management of infection Maternal cervical colonization and/or colonization in the neonate with Ureaplasma urealyticum has been implicated in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Viscardi and colleagues found that persistent lung infection with U urealyticum may contribute to chronic inflammation and early fibrosis in the preterm lung, leading to pathology consistent with clinically significant bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[13] Systematic reviews have concluded that infection with U urealyticum is associated with increased rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infection-either antenatal chorioamnionitis and funisitis or postnatal infection-may activate the inflammatory cascade and damage the preterm lung, resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In fact, any clinically significant episode of sepsis in the vulnerable preterm neonate greatly increases his or her risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, especially if the infection increases the babys requirement for oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Future management Future management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia will involve strategies that emphasize prevention. Because few accepted therapies currently prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia, many therapeutic modalities (eg, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, nutritional support, medication) are used to treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Practicing neonatologists have observed reduced severities of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the postsurfactant era. Maintaining PPV and oxygen therapy for longer than 4 months and discharging patients to facilities for prolonged mechanical ventilation is now unusual. Medication Summary Many drug therapies are used to treat infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The efficacy, exact mechanisms of action, and potential adverse effects of these drugs have not been definitively established. A study group from the NICHD and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviewed many of the drugs used to prevent and treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Walsh and colleagues concluded that detailed analyses of many of these treatments, as well as long-term follow-up, are needed.[15] Vitamin A supplementation Seven trials of vitamin A supplementation in preterm neonates to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia were analyzed for the Cochrane Collaborative Neonatal review. Vitamin A supplementation reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. However, the need for frequent intramuscular injections in extremely premature infants has precluded widespread use of this therapy. Diuretics Furosemide (Lasix) is the treatment of choice for fluid overload in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. It is a loop diuretic that improves clinical pulmonary status and function and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance. Daily or alternate-day furosemide therapy may facilitate weaning from positive pressure ventilation (PPV), oxygenation, or both. Adverse effects of long-term therapy are frequent and include hyponatremia, hypokalemia, contraction alkalosis, hypocalcemia, hypercalciuria, renal stones, nephrocalcinosis, and ototoxicity. Careful parenteral and enteral nutritional supplementation is required to maximize the benefits instead of exacerbating the adverse effects. In patients with mild hyponatremia or hypokalemia, supplementation with potassium chloride is favored over supplementation with sodium chloride. Thiazide diuretics plus aldosterone inhibitors (eg, spironolactone [Aldactone]) have also been used in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In several trials of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, thiazide diuretics combined with spironolactone increased urine output with or without improvement in pulmonary mechanics. Hoffman et al reported that spironolactone did not reduce the need for supplemental electrolytes in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[16] To the present authors knowledge, long-term studies to compare the efficacy of furosemide with those of thiazide and spironolactone therapy have not been performed. Bronchodilators Albuterol is a specific beta2-agonist used to treat bronchospasm in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Albuterol may improve lung compliance by decreasing airway resistance by relaxing smooth muscle cell. Changes in pulmonary mechanics may last as long as 4-6 hours. Adverse effects include increased blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. Ipratropium bromide is a muscarinic antagonist that is related to atropine; however, it may have bronchodilator effects more potent than those of albuterol. Improvements in pulmonary mechanics were demonstrated in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia after they received ipratropium bromide by inhalation. Combined therapy with albuterol and ipratropium bromide may be more effective than either agent alone. Few adverse effects are noted. Methylxanthines are used to increase respiratory drive, decrease apnea, and improve diaphragmatic contractility. These substances may also decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and increase lung compliance in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, probably by directly causing smooth muscle to relax. Methylxanthines also have diuretic effects. All of these effects may increase success in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Synergy between theophylline and diuretics has been demonstrated. Theophylline has a half-life of 30-40 hours. It is metabolized primarily to caffeine in the liver and may result in adverse effects such as increase in heart rate, gastroesophageal reflux, agitation, and seizures. The half-life of caffeine is approximately 90-100 hours, and caffeine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Both agents are available in intravenous and enteral formulations. Caffeine has fewer adverse effects than theophylline. Schmidt and colleagues reported that the early use of caffeine to treat apnea of prematurity appeared to reduce ventilatory requirements and that it may decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[17] Corticosteroids Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids have been studied extensively in preterm infants to prevent and treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Dexamethasone is the primary systemic synthetic corticosteroid studied in preterm neonates. Dexamethasone has many pharmacologic benefits but clinically significant adverse effects. This drug stabilizes cell and lysosomal membranes, increases surfactant synthesis, increases serum vitamin A concentration, inhibits prostaglandin and leukotriene, decreases pulmonary edema (PE), breaks down granulocyte aggregates, and improves pulmonary microcirculation. Its adverse effects are hyperglycemia, hypertension, weight loss, GI bleeding or perforation, cerebral palsy, adrenal suppression, and death. Many researchers have evaluated the effects of early administration of dexamethasone to prevent bronchopulmonary dyspl