Employee perception on suggestion scheme Essay

Introduction:- Suggestion scheme is a formalized mechanism which encourages employees to contribute constructive ideas for improving the organisation in which they work. The overall aim is to gather, analyse and implement ideas in order to create results that have a positive impact on the business and/or deliver new value to customers. There are two approaches to the suggestion scheme * Traditional approach-which offers cash to their employees for the suggestions they provide. * Participative approach-continuous improvement in employee job profile through higher level of participation. SCREENING OF THE SUGGESTION Every suggestion is evaluated as per the criteria adaptability, creativity, originality and efforts, taken by the suggestor/employee. The amount of award is indicated with proper calculation and understanding of committee. If there is rejection then similar remark is indicated. Generally award is given when the suggestion is implemented. However if the suggestions are accepted and the course of implementation is longer, then interim award is given to the suggestor/employee to keep up his moral. In the same format other information regarding the implementing is indicated. A certificate is given to the suggestor/employee when the suggestion is accepted. This is signed by the chairman of the scheme or some top/ respectable person in the organization. In the good cultured company there is practice of giving a certificate of appreciation to the suggestor/employee even if it gets rejected. Often it carries good value to the suggestor/employee. It is more than money for some of them. Objective:- Primary objective:- * To understand employee suggestion scheme. Secondary objective:- * To analyse effective implementation of suggestions availed by employees. * To interpret initialisation in the part of management in processing the provided suggestions. * To measure employee-superior relationship and support. * To integrate creativity and constructive aptitude and attitude in non-personnel employees. * To set up a management infrastructure to generate ideas, evaluate and capture quality ideas and sustain constant flow of ideas.

What Is Rotaract

Rotaract clubs are part of a global effort to bring peace and international understanding to the world. This effort starts at the community level but knows no limits in its outreach. Rotaractors have access to the many resources of Rotary International (RI) and The Rotary Foundation. Rotary International provides the administrative support that helps Rotaract clubs thrive. History Rotaract has evolved quickly in its short but dynamic history. In the early 1960s, Rotary clubs around the world began to sponsor university youth groups as community service projects. The 1967-68 RI president, Luther H. Hodges, and the RI Board of Directors considered this club activity to have international relevance, and Rotaract was approved in 1968 as an official program for Rotary clubs. The first club chartered was the Rotaract Club of North Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, on 13 March 1968. Several decades later, the Rotaract program has grown into a strong, international network of 7,300 clubs in more than 150 countries and geographical areas. Rotaract’s 145,000 members are young men and women (ages 18 to 30) who serve the needs of their communities, widen their personal and professional contacts, and increase their understanding of the world. Goals Rotaract has the following goals: ? To develop professional and leadership skills ? To emphasize respect for the rights of others, based on recognition of the worth of each individual ? To recognize the dignity and value of all useful occupations as opportunities to serve ? To recognize, practice, and promote ethical standards as leadership qualities and vocational responsibilities ? To develop knowledge and understanding of the needs, problems, and opportunities in the community and worldwide To provide opportunities for personal and group activities to serve the community and promote international understanding and goodwill toward all people How does Rotaract fit into the Rotary family? Rotary International is a worldwide service organization for leading business and professional men and women, with more than 1. 2 million members in over 31,000 Rotary clubs. Each Rotaract club is sponsored by a local Rotary club. This sponsorship is a result of Rotary’s belief that you ng people, or New Generations, should take an active interest in community life and have the opportunity for professional development. Organizing a Rotaract club is one of the most rewarding activities a Rotary club can undertake in its community. The Rotaract program gives Rotarians the opportunity to mentor dynamic young women and men interested in providing service to their own communities as well as the global community. In turn, a Rotaract club can bring new energy to a Rotary club, inspire fresh ideas for service, increase support for projects, and help develop future Rotary club members. Rotaract clubs are self-governed and largely self-financedat the local level. Working in cooperation with their sponsoring Rotary clubs as partners in service, Rotaractors are an importantpart of Rotary’s extended family. What does a Rotaract club do? Rotaract clubs organize a variety of projects and activities, depending primarily on the interests of the club members. However, within the Rotaract program, all clubs undertake three types of activities in varying degrees: professional development, leadership development, and service projects. Together, these three areas ensure a balanced club program and provide important experience and opportunities for the personal development of each Rotaractor. Professional Development A club’s professional development activities should expand the members’ understanding of the work environment and business opportunities within their community. These activities should highlight the Rotaractor’s role in the community’s economic development and illustrate how skills developed through service activities can help in resolving problems in the workplace. Each Rotaract club should provide professional development opportunities to its members through activities such as: ? Professional and vocational forums Business technology updates ? Management and marketing seminars ? Conferences on business and professional ethics ? Presentations on finance and credit options for business start-up Sponsoring Rotarians can enhance the professional development of Rotaractors by providing practical advice on entering the business world and tackling business, vocational, and professional challenges. Making the club’s professional d evelopment projects into joint Rotaract-Rotary projects can also help Rotaractors get better acquainted with sponsoring Rotarians. Leadership Development A club’s leadership development activities aim not only to make members more effective leaders in their personal lives, but also to teach them how to develop and sustain strong clubs with relevant projects. Important topics to address in training club leaders include: ? Improving public speaking skills ? Developing techniques for marketing the Rotaract program to potential members ? Building consensus among members ? Delegating project responsibilities and ensuring necessary follow-up ? Identifying channels for project publicity and promotion ? Finding financial resources for strengthening club development ? Assessing project success Service Projects Service Above Self is Rotary’s foremost guiding principle. A Rotaract club’s service projects are designed to improve the quality of life at home and abroad. These projects often address today’s most critical issues, such as violence, drug abuse, AIDS, hunger, the environment, and illiteracy. Each Rotaract club is required to complete at least two major service projects annually, one to serve the community and the other to promote international understanding. Each should involve all or most of the members of the club.

Pyrometallurgical Recovery Of Metals From Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

Veldbuizen and Sipple ( 1994 ) acknowledged that stuffs come ining into the reactor are immersed in a liquefied metal bath where the temperature is around 1250 grades, which is churned by a mixture of supercharged air. The burning of plastics and other inflammable components in the eating procedure cut down the cost of energy. In the reactor, all drosss including Fe, Zn and lead are converted into oxides and so converted into scorias to silica by the agitated oxidization zone. These scorias are cooled and milled to acquire more and more metals before the disposal ( Cui & A ; Zhang, 2008 ) . The diagrammatic word picture of the works and the recycling procedure of E-waste are given below. These two diagrams will explicate how cast-off waste of Personal computers and laptops are recycled and disposed off. The Cu matte incorporating cherished metals is removed and transferred to the convertors. After the patterned advance in the convertors, liquid blister Cu is refined in anode furnaces and dramatis personae into anodes with about absolute pureness of 99.10 per centum. The residuary 0.9 per centum holds the valuable metals such as gold, Ag, Pt and Pd. There are besides some other recoverable stuffs like Ni, Se, Te etc. Afterwards, electro-refining of the anodes recovers these marketable metals ( Cui & A ; Zhang, 2008 ) . Fig-9 shows that E-waste can be fed into the procedure in different stairss depending upon their purenesss. High Cu incorporating bit is fed into change overing procedure straight but low class E-waste is fed into Kaldo Furnace. The needful O is supplied by the O spear for the intent of burning along with oil O burner. The off-gases require an extra burning air of about 1200 grades after burning. Thermal energy is recovered by a steam web through criterion gas handling system.Figure: – 8 Pyrometallurgical Recover Process at Recycling Plant( Beginning: Cui & A ; Zhang, 2008 )Figure: – 9 Recovery of Cherished Materials( Beginning: Cui & A ; bent, 2008 ) The installing of off-gas emanation control system in an IsaSmelt Furnace ( a new method of E-waste recycling and metal recovery ) is an illustration for retrieving thermic energy by a steam web through criterion gas handling system. Here the hygienic gases and procedure gases are cooled to retrieve the energy and are cleaned utilizing techniques like bag house filters, electro filters etc.2.12.3 Recovery of Cherished Metallic elements Using IsaSmelt Furnace:The smelting ( the procedure of runing to retrieve metal from its ore ) procedure in the recycling of E-waste is done in IsaSmelt Furnace ( Cui & A ; Zhang, 2008 ) . Like Pyrometallurgical Process one of the most of import advantages of utilizing this method is that the demand for energy beginning and cut downing agent for the smelting procedure will be quarterly substituted by the combustion of the organic substances like plastics that are present in the E-waste ( Hageluken, 2007 ) . The smelting procedure offprints cherished me tals in Cu bullion from other metals that are present in a lead scoria, which is further treated in a BMO. The cured Cu bullion is used in the following procedure of valuable metals recovery through copper-leaching ( a method used for the recovery of Cu from its ore ) and electro-winning ( method of taking drosss from the metals ) procedures. There are three nucleus processing stairss in the BMO: The Lead Blast Furnace: to diminish the oxidized lead scoria from the IsaSmelt together with high lead incorporating 3rd party natural stuffs. The Lead Refinery: the assorted lead bullion, roll uping most of the non-precious metals is farther treated here and the procedure is called Harris procedure. Particular Metallic elements Plant: pure metals are recovered in this works. ( Cui & A ; Zhang, 2008 ) The image of the emanation control system is as under and could be adapted by the recycling centres to cut down the degree of emanation. Hageluken ( 2007 ) , in his study accepted that the emanations from the works are much below the bounds set by the European bureaus and authorities.Figure: – 10 IsaSmelt Furnace Fitted With Emission Control System( Beginning: Cui & A ; Zhang, 2008 ) Apart from recycling methods like Pyrometallurgical Process and method utilizing IsaSmelt Furnace, bio-metallurgical procedure is another method of retrieving cherished metals from E-waste. Due to moo cost and high specificity for the mark elements, bio-metallurgical processing is attractive and soon limited to merely rich states ( Cui & A ; Zhang, 2008 ) . Brand et Al, ( 2001 ) displayed how Fungi ( Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium Simplicissmum ) and Thiobacillus bacteriums can enable metal filtrating from electronic bit. To retrieve gold, Cu etc from E-waste, Creamer et Al ( 2006 ) engaged Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans.2.13 Batteries: Recycling & A ; Material Recovery:Batteries are one of the terminal merchandises of E-waste recycling because it remains integral during the E-waste recycling procedure ( SWEEEP, 2010 ) . Land make fulling or Incineration of these batteries can do terrible wellness and environmental jeopardies ; when the shell of these land filled battery corrodes it can ensue in air, dirt and H2O pollution because it contains toxic substances like lead, quicksilver, Cd ( human carcinogen: substance that causes malignant neoplastic disease ) etc ( Frick & A ; Knudsen, 2002 ) . Similarly incineration of batteries will ensue in air pollution and other wellness jeopardies. On the other manus proper intervention and recycling of these batteries will be good both for the environment and for the economic system because it contains valuable stuffs like steel, Ag, nickel, Zn, manganese, gypsum etc which can be recovered and the harmful substances like lead, Cd, quicksilver can be safely separated and can be reused as secondary natural stuff ( G & A ; P, 2010 ) . UK generates 20,000 to 30,000 metric tons of waste batteries every twelvemonth and out of it less than 1,000 metric tons are recycled ( Resource Management & A ; Recovery, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to waste battery ordinances in Europe ( European Batteries Directive, 2006/ 66/EC ) , UK is needed to recycle 10 % of portable batteries in 2010, but in UK, merely 3 % of portable batteries are presently being recycled.2.13.1 Methods of Battery Recycling:Harmonizing to Espinosa, Bernardes & A ; Tenorio ( 2004 ) , it is imperative to cognize the composing of batteries in order to advance its recycling because the chemical composings of different batteries are different, so same methods can non be used for recycling different batteries. But unluckily there is no relationship between the size or form of batteries and their composing. There are chiefly three methods for the recycling of batteries: Pyrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy Separation of constituents through unity operations of excavation intervention Out of these three methods the most normally used method by all the recycling companies in UK and Europe are Pyrometallurgy and / or Robust Pyroprocess ( another method ) severally because of their simpleness and high efficiency / capacity ( even though the energy demands for these procedures are high ) ( Jan Tytgat, 2010 ) . The Pyrometallurgy and Robust Pyroprocess methods of recycling will be discussed in item in chapter four.2.13.1 Hydrometallurgy Method of Battery Recycling:In the past two decennaries, the most active research country on recovery of metals from battery is retrieving cherished metals by Hydrometallurgical procedure ( Horn & A ; Holt, 1990 ) . In this method the unsorted batteries are fed straight to the furnace. Inside the furnace the organic constituents will acquire decomposed to organize bluess ( Sequeira, 1994 ) . For illustration quicksilver compound will acquire decomposed to organize quicksilver vapor. These bluess are so passed through a capacitor to retr ieve quicksilver and other condensable liquids. The condensate will acquire fractionated by the centrifugation procedure into quicksilver, waste H2O etc. The waste H2O will so passed through an aluminum cementor to retrieve the residuary quicksilver in the signifier of an aluminium-mercury metal. The staying waste from the cementor is send to an evaporator to bring forth some steam or H2O and a salt mixture ( disposable ) in order to forestall the inordinate salt construct up in the procedure. The residuary gases and other organic bluess are oxidized in an afterburner and expelled to the ambiance in the signifier of H2O vapor and C dioxide after a careful intervention to take the staying sum of quicksilver since this quicksilver may incorporate hints of risky substance like Cd ( Sequeira, 1994 ) . The staying solids from the furnace are shredded and leached ( acid or acerb leaches ) before the magnetic separation of Fe and Ni from other non magnetic solids. The leaching solutions which contain oxides of C, Zn, manganese etc are so subjected to separation and purification processs such as precipitation of drosss, solvent extraction, ion-exchange etc. Consequently, the solutions are treated by electro refinement procedure for metal recovery ( Sequeira, 1994 ) . It is estimated that for retrieving a metric ton of Cu this procedure requires around 3,400KWh of energy ( Liew, 2008 ) . Precipitation of drosss is nil but the drosss present in the solution will go a precipitate ( solid ) during the chemical reaction, which can be removed subsequently by filtrating. Thus the staying liquid ( supernate ) above the solid containing cherished metals can be separated and cherished metals can be recovered by electro refinement. Electro refinement is a method of sublimating metal by electrolysis. Here the impure metal and cathode will be immersed in a solution ( electrolyte ) incorporating cations and electric current will be passed between the impure metal and cathode. As a consequence of it the pure metal will acquire deposited on the cathode and can be separated. Solvent Extraction is the procedure of dividing liquid mixtures by doing usage of solubility differences of the different constituents ( Cox & A ; Rydberg, 2004 ) . Ion-Exchange is an electrochemical procedure in which an unwanted chemical constituent is removed from solution by replacing it with a more attractive one ( Friedrich, 1995 ) . The chief terminal merchandises of this procedure are C and black lead which can be removed subsequently by filtration. Compared to Pyrometallurgical procedure Hydrometallurgy is more exact and predictable but its operating cost is high and it is more complicated ( Sequeira, 1994 ) . This method is chiefly used for the recycling of lithium-ion, nickel Cd, Zn oxide and quicksilver oxide batteries.Figure: -11 Hydrometallurgy Method of Battery Recycling( Beginning: Sequeira, 1994 )2.13.2 Separation of Components through Unity Operations of Mining Treatment:Separation of constituents through unity operations of excavation intervention method is besides used for battery recycling ( e.g. nickel Cd batteries ) . Using this method more than 2kg of Ni home bases present in a nickel Cd battery can be recovered. A compound with a high sum of Cd can besides be obtained and can be farther treated ( cadmium distillment ) to retrieve the stuff. This method is non used often because of its high oper ating cost and complexness ( Espinosa, Bernardes & A ; Tenorio, 2004 ) .2.13.3 Recycling Procedures under Pyrometallurgy & A ; Hydrometallurgy:There are several battery recycling procedures that works by the Pyrometallurgy and Hydrometallurgy rules. Sometimes these procedures are designed for specific sort of battery, but there are some in which batteries can be recycled together with other types of stuffs. The procedures are as follows: Sumitomo: It is a Nipponese procedure which is wholly based on calcinations ( method of change overing metals to its oxide at high temperature ) at about 1000 grade centigrade in a furnace ( Tedjar et al, 2010 ) . Its cost is really high and it is used to recycle all types of portable batteries e.g. lithium-ion battery. The residues formed as a consequence of calcinations is crushed and screened. The residuary pulverization will incorporate oxides of different metals. It is non suited for recycling nickel Cd batteries.Figure: -12 Sumitomo Method of Battery Recycling( Beginning: Sequeira, 1994 ) Recytec: It is the Swiss procedure that combines pyrolysis ( thermic intervention ) , gas intervention, tear uping, rinsing, electrolysis ( for non-ferrous substances ) followed by magnetic separation and other physical interventions ( Sequeira, 1994 ) . It is used for recycling all types of portable batteries and besides fluorescent lamps and quicksilver incorporating tubings. Initially pyrolysis is done at 550 grade centigrade in a reduction atmosphere and the waste gases produced during this procedure are passed through a capacitor for purification. The solids that left after the pyrolysis are shredded and washed with H2O to call up different salts and oxides. The oxides of manganese and zinc get dissolved in an acidic leaching process and these are at the same time separated by an electrodeposition procedure. Ferro-magnetic stuffs are separated by magnetic separation procedure from other non magnetic substances like black lead. The stuffs separated by the magnetic separation procedure so enter into an electrochemical system and from here the stuffs are separated by anodal disintegration method. The method of anodal disintegration offers 99 % pureness of the metals recovered.Figure: -13 Recytec Method of Battery Recycling( Beginning: Sequeira, 1994 ) This procedure does non recycle nickel Cd batteries. The initial investing for this procedure is smaller than that for the Sumitomo procedure, but its operating cost is high ( Espinosa, Bernardes & A ; Tenorio, 2004 ) . Another advantage of this procedure compared to Sumitomo is its first-class recycling efficiency of 95 % i.e. merely 5 % of secondary waste. TNO: It is a Hydrometallurgical Dutch procedure for the recycling of bit batteries. This procedure developed two recycling options one for alkaline family batteries and the other for nickel Cd batteries. The option for family batteries was non commercially implemented ( Espinosa, Bernardes & A ; Tenorio, 2004 ) . In this procedure the waste batteries are foremost shredded into little ( all right ) fractions. Many metal and plastic parts can be retained from these all right fractions. These all right fractions are so subdivided into two fractions: magnetic and nonmagnetic. Then both these fractions will be leached with hydrochloric acid to fade out the Cd content in it. The magnetic atoms like Fe and Ni will be separated by magnetic separation procedure after the leaching procedure. These separated Fe and nickel atoms will incorporate Cd and this Cd can be removed by extraction procedure with the aid of TBP. The Cd salt from the infusion will be farther removed by acerb extraction. The sourness of the so formed Cd chloride is so adjusted to precipitate residuary Fe as ferrous hydrated oxide and it is separated by the filtration procedure. By utilizing the electrolysis procedure metallic Cd will be recovered and the staying solution is discarded ( Sequeira, 1994 ) . Accurec: It is a German Pyrometallurgical procedure to recycle batteries chiefly used for nickel Cd batteries. This procedure has got several advantages like: it is merely a one measure procedure compared to other procedures, the emanation of green house gases to the ambiance is less ( & gt ; 0.01g/h ) , it is energy efficient and a extremely secured procedure ( Accurec, 2010 ) .Figure: -14 Accurec Method of Battery Recycling( Beginning: Accurec, 2010 ) Snam-Savam: Gallic procedure for Ni Cd battery recycling, wholly based on Pyrometallurgy method ( Espinosa, Bernardes & A ; Tenorio, 2004 ) . This is a closed furnace battery recycling technique in which Cd is distilled at 850-900 grade centigrade. This method offers 99.9 % pureness of the cured stuffs ( Sequeira & A ; Moffat, 1997 ) . Sab Nife: Swedish procedure for Ni Cd batteries. This method is besides based on Pyrometallurgy. In this method the Cd is distilled at high temperature ( 850-900 grade centigrade ) in a reduction atmosphere. Then the Cd is chemically leached with the aid of sulfuric acid and eventually Cd is recovered from the leachate by electrolysis ( Sequeira & A ; Moffat, 1997 ) . Atech: This procedure is based on the physical intervention of cast-off batteries ; it is holding relatively lower cost than the other types of recycling procedures but the pureness of the cured stuffs will non be high. It is used for recycling all types of portable batteries. Recycling Companies does non trust on any individual method or procedure but it uses the combinations of many methods and procedures for the recycling of assorted types of batteries, as it is apparent that there are many types of batteries holding different forms, size and chemical composing. So, the company uses the method and procedure which are suited for the peculiar set of batteries.Table aa‚ ¬ † 11: Valuable Materials that can be recovered by Battery Recycling:Name of the BatteryMaterials that can be RecoveredLead Acid Lead, Polypropylene, Gypsum Zincs Based Steel, Zinc, Manganese Nickel Cadmium Nickel, Steel, Cadmium Lithium-Ion Cobalt, Steel Silver Oxide Silver, Steel Mercuric Oxide Mercury, Steel ( Beginning: G & A ; P, 2010 ) These recovered metals and stuffs has got many applications like: lead and Cd can be used for doing batteries once more, steel and Ni can be used in the steel industry, polypropene can be used for doing battery instances, gypsum can be used for agricultural intents, Co and Ag can be used in electronic and photographic industries etc. Overall E-waste is really insecure for the environment and for the human wellness. On the other manus if proper recycling Centres are established, the economic system as a whole would be benefited and there would be fewer loads on natural resources like gold, Cu, aluminum, Ag and other cherished metals and stuffs. In this manner the reuse rate would be increased and less emanation of green house gases would happen. It would be good for the environment, human wellness and national economic system of the UK to set up proper and dedicated recycling Centres to better the status. UK particularly needs it, as it has the highest figure of computing machine users. As per estimated information there are at present 360 million computing machine users in UK ( Internet World Statistics, 2009 ) . One can easy do appraisal of the volume of E-waste, maintaining in head the maximal life of computing machines and replacing in UK.2.14 Decision:From the reappraisal of the available literature, it can b e argued that E-waste is earnestly really unsafe for the environment and for the human wellness every bit good. The whole universe needs to take proper enterprise for managing E-waste and there should be dedicated recycling Centre for it. Although, there are enterprises that have been taken but those are non plenty as the measure of E-waste is turning twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. The authoritiess across Europe and the authorities of UK have enacted Torahs and directives for extenuating the ill-impact of E-waste. After the earth acme in 1992, two ordinances have been enforced to extenuate the ill-effect of E-waste i.e. the Swiss ORDE ordinance and EU WEEE ordinance. Under both the ordinances, the list of electronic points is by and big same and contains about the same list. The turning market for Personal computers and its incursion and replacing markets in developed states like UK and high obsolescence rate have made WEEE as one of the fastest turning waste watercourses. Puckett & A ; Smith ( 2002 ) approximately estimate the chemical and non-chemical substance nowadays in E-waste and it is truly really flooring as the measure projected could be highly harmful for the environment and human wellness. Precisely, it could be wellness jeopardy as the chemicals present in E-waste are lead, Cd, quicksilver, plastics etc ( Culver, 2005 ) . If these chemical substances and metals are burned, it will hold terrible impact on the environment and on the human wellness. Widmer et Al, ( 2005 ) say that these E-waste contains extremely toxic chemicals and the paradox is that the UK and EU is bound to dispose E-waste within their ain geographical country as they are obliged to follow the directives because the directives of the Basel Norms prohibits them to merchandise with Non-OECD states. The UK authorities is really serious for the environmental protection and it explores what actions might be taken and poses inquiries, on which remarks and suggestions are invited from a scope of participants including the general populace. Phillips et Al ( 1998 ) argues that there is an pressing demand for the effectual protection of the environment and prudent usage of natural resources, so that the sustainable development programme could non be hampered. The direction of E-waste is acknowledged as indispensable to the sustainable development in UK. Earlier, the E-waste has used to be disposed through land fill and incineration. Landfill is / was non an effectual manner to dispose E-waste as it is non bio-degradable and used to harm the birthrate of the land. Incineration is besides really unsafe as it can breathe a batch of harmful gases and substances. Spalvins et Al ( 2008 ) and Dagan et Al ( 2007 ) argued against the disposal of E-waste along with MSW as the toxic features could non be mitigated through landfill and could dispute regulative conformity. To get the better of this serious menace authorities has introduced the construct of EPR both lawfully and operationally. It involves dealing cost, aggregation cost, recycling cost and other types of costs. The makers besides have to negociate with recycling Centres and to place the aggregation centres so that E-waste could be collected expeditiously and economically. The makers are now bound to do such electronic merchandises so that at least 70 % to 80 % ( by weight ) of the stuffs could be collected from recycling and the reuse rate of stuffs must non less than 50 % by weight so that natural resources could be protected. There are presently assorted theoretical accounts have been adopted for the direction of E-waste. Among that the four stage theoretical account is really effectual. Another extension of the EPR is the ARF. It is collected at the clip of purchase of electrical equipments and besides from the terminal users, so that the recycling procedure could be financed once the merchandise is discarded by the terminal users. The cast-off E-waste particularly the personal computing machines bits are valuable in the sense that it carries metals about 70 % of the weight of computing machines and are reclaimable. This is the major drive force behind the recycling of E-waste as every company want to understate the input cost and maximize the profitableness. Earlier Pyrometallurgy is used for the recovery of valuables metals from the bit E-waste. However there are some failings in this method. It was non really friendly for the environment as there is more emanation of green house gases. Cui & A ; Zhang ( 2008 ) argue that the retrieval of energy from E-waste pave the manner for utilizing plastics in E-waste. Now it has been apparent that thermic processing of E-waste delivers an attack for recovery of energy from E-waste if a broad runing emanation control system is installed. The batteries that are the terminal merchandises of E-waste recycling can be farther recycled to retrieve and divide cherished stuffs like steel, Ag, nickel etc and toxic substances like lead, Cd etc severally. The recovery and separation of these metals and stuffs will farther lend to the economic system of the state and sustainability of the environment. There are several methods and procedures for battery recycling and no same method or procedures can be used for different batteries since they differ in their chemical composing. The procedure of Pyrometallurgy and Robust Pyroprocess are sooner used by the recycling companies in Europe. From the available literature it can be argued that most of the above mentioned recycling procedure / methods offer about 90 % to 95 % pureness of the cured metals and stuffs which is an advantage. On the other manus these methods have got many disadvantages. Most of these procedures / methods that works under the rule of Hydrometallurgy are complicated as it needs to undergo many other sub-processes in between ( except few procedures like Accurec ) , e.g. it needs to undergo tear uping procedure before the existent recycling. Hydrometallurgy procedures are most of the clip dedicated to merely a peculiar type of battery chemical science / little scope of different chemical sciences ( Jan Tytgat, 2010 ) . Higher energy demand is another disadvantage of these methods ( chiefly for procedures that works under Pyrometallurgy rule ) . For illustration most the methods required energy of about 1000 degree centigrade or more. As consequence of it the operating cost is high. Discarding the terminal merchandise which contains valuable metals ( which can still be recovered ) is another disadvantage. Discarding of the staying solution after the electrolysis of Cd in the TNO procedure is an illustration for this. As mentioned above the loss of staying 5 % to 10 % pureness of cured stuffs is besides an of import affair that needs to be considered

Gender Behaviors in Battle of Algiers, Mother India and A Widows Voice Essay

Gender Behaviors in Battle of Algiers, Mother India and A Widows Voice - Essay Example This paper draws a comparison between the gender behaviors as depicted in Battle of Algiers, Mother India, and A Widow’s Voice. Battle of Algiers is a 1966 war film, which dwells on the situations of women in a warring country. Mother of India shows the struggles of women in harsh economies, taking care of their families. â€Å"A Widow’s Voice† is a very popular literary text, which has the theme of widowhood, including the problems widows face. One thing that is common between both movies and the literary text is that they all offer a comprehensive insight into the gender behaviors in their respective contexts. Battle of Algiers, Mother India, and A Widow’s Voice are similar in their depiction of women’s strength. Battle of Algiers and Mother India commonly undermine the power of men while highlighting that of women while Mother India and A Widow’s Voice commonly feature domestic women’s sacrifices and men’s selfishness. In con clusion, drawing a comparison between these three works was quite challenging, as these have different themes, and are of different genres. However, with the approach employed, a clear comparison of gender behaviors in these works has been achieved. Generally, women have been portrayed as very important people in the society. Women take care of their families, which are the basic unit of the society. However, the main issue is that despite all these, the society, especially men, do not appreciate women the way they should. These three works indirectly call for the need for women empowerment in society.

Royal Opera House, Muscat sultant of Oman Essay

Royal Opera House, Muscat sultant of Oman - Essay Example Another factor that makes experiences unique is its variability. Two music concerts with similar genres might produce different experiences as the artists are different. Therefore, it can be said that experience marketing needs different techniques and strategies for customer satisfaction and building customer loyalty. ROHM or The Royal Opera House Muscat is one of the premier venues for culture and arts, based in Muscat, Oman. This opera house has been built by the king displaying contemporary architecture of Oman. The Opera House can accommodate up to 1,100 people. Equipped with latest technologies such as Mode23, the opera house was officially launched in the year 2011 (Royal Opera House Muscat, 2014). The Royal Opera House is a comparatively new theme in the Gulf Region. As a result, it is important to prepare and effective and long-reaching marketing plan that will help in generating required awareness and response for the opera house and garner local and foreign visitors. The purpose of the current project is to create a marketing plan looking into the external environmental factors and international strengths and weaknesses and of the opera house and subsequently create meaningful and feasible marketing mix strategies. The project will also throw light on the marketing and promotional strategies that are presently followed by the opera house. In order to ensure a successful marketing plan, it is important that the objectives and action plans are measurable, attainable and feasible. The objectives based on which marketing strategies will be based are as follows; Vision: The vision of the Royal Opera House Muscat is very inspiring and as a result the architectural foundation of the opera house is unique and undisputed. It is built is a region which does not boast any established opera culture or even classical or western music culture. The Gulf Region is majorly known for its

IR case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IR case study - Essay Example Today Australia has shifted from this method to free trade system. The country holds many free trade agreements with many countries such as China, US, Thailand, Singapore, and Chile. China is the largest market for Australia’s exports and also is the largest source of imports for china. In fact this has seen many Chinese companies investing in Australia. The country also has free trade agreements with New Zealand which dates back to 1965. Due to the advanced economy, the country has seen development of service industries such as finance, banking, insurance, tourism, consorting, and entertainment industries. The government provides services such as welfare, health, education, and other business services. Of these services in Australia, finance, insurance, and banking are the best in terms of performance and also the fastest in terms of growth in the country. These service industries are the backbone of the country’s economy. However, in the past decade, mining industry was at the back of the country’s economic growth. Australia is the world’s number one in production of uranium, zinc, lead, brown coal, nickel, and zircon. It also ranks number two in production of silver, copper, and gold. These minerals are in high demand all over the world. China, for example, is the country’s number one destination for iron where it is in high demand. With the shift from protectionism to free market polic ies the country’s industries have grown at a very high rate. Equating industrial disputation according to the official statistics to industrial harmony would be misleading. This would be so because the two are not the direct opposite of the other. The causes of industrial disputes may be avoided and yet we might not have industrial harmony. Industrial disputes arise when there are disputes with the workforce or the representatives

White Dwarf Stars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

White Dwarf Stars - Essay Example Mainly, white dwarfs’ string stretches through K-dwarf temperature region to approximately 4,000K (Kaler 182). Studies so far conducted refer these kind of stars as end state of evolved main sequence bodies having M less than 9M (Aerts & Christensen-Dalsgaard 111). However, their exact number is not well document due to numerous inaccuracies similar to the study of coolest main sequence dwarfs as well as brown dwarfs (Aerts & Christensen-Dalsgaard 111). Hence, prompting them to be more intriguing to study despite their varied aspects document by certain astronomical scholars including exact location in HRD diagram, which this study intends to highlight. Figure 1: Hertzsprung-Russel-Diagramm (HRD): White Dwarf location. 2010. Web. 16Th March 2014. Studies so far conducted contend temperatures for these stars in most cases usually range between 4,000K and 85,000K (Koupelis 408). However, these temperatures may be even higher under certain circumstances based on the extent of evolution or exhaustion of individual bodies comprising a given stream of galaxy (Koupelis 408). This implies exact measurements of their respective hotness are quite hard to ascertain and declare stars at certain region their exact temperature. Therefore, scientists end up giving temperatures with certain in term of ranges. Another intriguing aspect encompasses their respective masses whereby based on research they normally range between 0.02 and 1.4 solar masses (Koupelis 408). This is because a typical white dwarf is almost close to the size of planet earth (Koupelis 408). Hence, densities of these stars are quite high whereby approximately 106 cm3 grams. This implies a teaspoonful whose measure is about 5 cm3 would

Partnership Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Partnership Law - Essay Example Partners' liabilities are differently prescribed in that liability caused by any error of one partner need not affect the other partners. State registration is required but some of the states stipulate that partners should take liability insurance or has adequate assets to meet likely claims. This is very much applicable to firms of professionals like accountants, lawyers, architects. Not all the states recognize them. A partner's interest in an LLP can be assigned to third parties in which the assignee gets only the financial benefit and he can not take part in the management nor can he become a partner. There can be more than two partners. An LLP will stand dissolved on the death of a partner and on filing dissolution deed with the Sate authority. A clear advantage of an LLP is that it need not conduct annual meetings and maintain minutes of meetings though it has the features of a limited company. Profit is not taxable at the hands of the firm but that of the individual partners. One disadvantage is that a partner of an LLP can bind his share without the other partners. ... An LLP name with the above letters can not be registered unless it ends with them. It is an offence to use an LLP's name if the Secretary of State so considers and if the name already exists for an LLP or a registered company. The summary of the act states that main feature of the act is that it offers organisational flexibility and limited liability of the partners.2 The overview of the Act says that an LLP has an unlimited capacity and can act as a separate legal entity as any natural person would. It can contract and own properties and can continue to exist if there is any change in the membership. It implies that any third party can transact with the LLP as an entity unlike in case of traditional partnership where in third party is presumed to deal with the partners jointly and severally. If a partner of LLP is negligent only the firm can be proceeded with and not the individual partner by virtue of limited liability. But in a recent case law 3states that liability by an individu al negligent partner causing economic loss to the clients depends the fact of any specific assumption personal responsibility of the partner concerned and whether the client also relied on the responsibility of the individual partner. Section 4 (1) Companies Act 2006 defines a private limited company as any company which is not a public limited company. Hence in order to understand that, what a public limited company means must be seen. As per section 4(2) of the act, a public limited company whose liability is limited to the extent of its share capital or to the extent of any guarantee where there is no share capital and its certificate of incorporation must state that it is public limited.4 As per section 9 of Partnership Act 1890, partners'

Good Night, and good luck Chuck Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Good Night, and good luck Chuck - Movie Review Example Times in America must have been hard at the time. America had an enemy within that was causing the people a lot of fear. Everyone suspected the person next to them of being the enemy. People suspected of being communists had to bear serious charges; sometimes courts need no evidence to declare suspects guilty. Some people made false charges of others that were used to bring them down. This movie takes the viewer back to the times a cold war existed between America and the Soviet Union, when every American was afraid they would lose to the soviet nation. According to ideas brought about in the movie, the news media has a great responsibility of informing and entertaining the people. As shown in the film, making responsible decisions on what to present or leave out in media stations is not an easy task. Such decisions are subject to criticism by those in power and journalists may suffer serious consequences if they mess up with those thought to be unbeatable in society; the high and mighty. However, one of the journalists and his producer clearly point out that despite the risks involved, journalists should focus on giving the people reliable information. The media should assume responsibility in its endeavors and expose the realities kept in the dark. The media should not lose integrity in fear of politicians who are selfish. Due to their selfish interests, the high and mighty in society always wants to control everything aired on media stations. The media should have the interests of the common citizen at heart. This movie suggests that media should participate actively in exposing the flaws in society. Media should offer more to the people and not just entertainment. Some journalists in this movie are an example worth emulating; they hosted a show that was able to expose the injustices committed in society. Evident in the movie, the media was very

Business decision making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business decision making - Assignment Example Decision making process is a very significant function to any company that must attain success in the market. It stipulates the areas that the company can easily penetrate in the market without enormous incurrence on costs and any impending risks. Data collection is the approach that wills open doors for such a company to make an adequate decision from the analysis they arrive at as per the data segments (Carroll, 2008). In this paper is stipulated that data analysis is a significant faction which every company ought to adopt. The report revolves around a fashion industry selling fashion clothes, shoes, jeans and other related fashion components whose main target is the youth generation. It possesses a challenge since the youths are dynamics in their desires, this call for constant review of its products to meet the demand of its market segment. A group comprising of 20 youths is sampled from Coventry region who are interviewed on a major market trends about fashion and their take on how fashion impacts the development of new products in the market. Their involvement in the changes is the key factor that is considered (Bazerman& Moore, 2013). Decisions amount to the most significant components to business in the market regardless of its current position. For a business to start it must involve decision making processes and growing business must always apply different decisions for its growth purposes, otherwise growth and start-up will never be met. An agglomeration of factors must be taken into consideration on the particular field of the company. A company ought to ask such questions like what is my market size. What is the market trend? Who are my consumers? What is the market perception? Among other critical questions which will drive the company to undertake proper steps. Quality, quantity, location, size and other structural characteristics are influenced by the decisions made by management in a company (Teale,

Organization within its environment Essay Example for Free

Organization within its environment Essay Organization exist as part of a wider environment Or part of society and as such their influence by the environment in which their operate. It is usual to consider the environment through form of analysis known as pest analysis which has 4 main categories ; political this looks at the government involvement through legislation that they provide outlining the legal frame work within which every business must exist and taxation policy which are dependent on company success and therefore their profit ECONOMIC Factors affecting the financial functioning of the organization and value of money in the economy which will affect the ability to purchase as well as produce goods n services . It looks at the potential growth in a economy and how the value of money changes as well as trade SOCIAL This refers to factors affecting the population and supply of labour by looking at the influences on individuals whether their are employees or customers . It will look at the taste n preferences of plp in society, culture of plp the profile of the workin population nn the number of plp in the job market which influences expectations and behaviour at work TECHNOLOGICAL Factors affecting the processes of production such as changes in computer technology and communication and new manufacturing processes MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS Management involves creating and internal environment in a business which makes use of the inputs or factors of production to be transformed tp create outputs of goods and services .it is therefore the responsibility of management to create conditions that allows people to perform to their best ability to be efficient and effective. MANAGEMENT is able to do this through their basic functions of planning organising directing amd controlling the organizations resources in order to achieve the goals of the company MANAGEMENT THEORY Organisations considered to be employee oriented so they are likely to be  more productive and as a result become more profitable. Similarly employees who are mistreated are more likely to reject the policies of the organization. Based on this o.b helps to analyze how and why employees behave in a particular way and the schools of management thought provide different theory used for the of management. Each school of thought IS based on different assumptions about people and the organization for which they work and understanding of the developments of management thinking will help to understand the process of management that offer good employee benefits and have proper working conditions.

Experiment 4 Rdr - Chemical Equilibrium Essay Example for Free

Experiment 4 Rdr Chemical Equilibrium Essay Iron-Silver Equilibrium In the first phase of the experiment, iron sulfate was mixed with silver nitrate, and the reaction produced solid silver and iron nitrate, which is formally written as, Fe2+ (aq) + Ag+ (aq) ⇄ Ag (s) + Fe3+ (aq) The mixture was then placed in a centrifuge in order for the solid silver to settle and separate from the supernate. The supernate was then tested for the presence of Fe2+, Fe3+ and Ag+ by placing K3Fe(CN)6, KSCN and HCl to 3 separate samples of the supernate. The result of the tests was as follows: 1.Addition of K3Fe(CN)6 After K3Fe(CN)6 was added to the supernate, a Prussian blue precipitate was formed, more formally written as, Fe2+ (aq) + Fe(CN)63- (aq) + K+ (aq) → K∙Fe2(CN)6 (s) This reaction thus proves that the supernate contains Fe2+. 2.Addition of KSCN After KSCN was added to the supernate, a blood red complex was formed, more formally written as, Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) → FeSCN2+ (aq) This reaction thus proves that the supernate contains Fe3+. 3.Addition of HCl The last test was the addition of HCl to the supernate. This produced a white precipitate, which we can formally write as, Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s) This reaction thus proves that the supernate conatins Ag+. The 3 tests showed that all 3 ions were present in the supernate. This goes to show that the reaction between iron sulfate and silver nitrate was in a state of equilibrium since both the ions in the product and reactant side were present, meaning to say that the forward and reverse reactions were proceeding at the same rate. Furthermore, the range of the equilibrium constant (Keq) for the reaction of iron sulfate and silver nitrate is from 10-10 to 1010 [1]. Copper-Ammonia Equilibrium The second phase of the experiment dealt with the reaction between copper sulfate and ammonia, more formally written as, CuSO4 (aq) + 2 NH4OH (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (aq) + (NH4)2SO4 (aq) The pale blue precipitate formed at the beginning of the reaction of copper sulfate and ammonia was the Cu(OH)2. From the pale blue color, it turned into a deep cerulean blue when 11 drops of ammonia was added. The solution then went back to the pale blue color after 4 drops of hydrochloric acid was added. The addition of hydrochloric acid added more H+ ions to the solution; therefore, drawing the equilibrium back to the reactant side. This equilibrium reaction is formally stated as, [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4 NH3 (aq) ⇄ [Cu(NH3)6]2+ (aq) + H2O (l) As observed, it took almost 3 times the number of drops of ammonia to change the pale blue color to a deep cerulean blue as compared to the number of drops of hydrochloric acid that changed the deep cerulean blue back to pale blue. This means that the reverse reaction was more spontaneous than the forward reaction. Chromate-Dichromate Equilibrium In the third phase of the experiment, the chromate and dichromate solutions were observed. Chromate had a yellow color, while dichromate had an orange color. When sulfuric acid was added to a sample of chromate and dichromate solutions, the yellow chromate solution turned orange, while the dichromate solution remained orange. The equation for the chromate’s change in color is as follows, 2 CrO42- (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) → H2O (l) + Cr2O7- (aq) When sodium hydroxide was added to a sample of chromate and dichromate, the chromate solution remained yellow, while the orange dichromate solution turned yellow, formally written as, 2 OH- (aq) + Cr2O7- (aq) → 2 CrO42- (aq) + H2O (l) The change in color of chromate as hydrochloric acid was added and the change in color of dichromate as sodium hydroxide was added was due to the instability of the reactions, causing a shift in the equilibrium. The acid H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) was used in the reaction since it’s a strong acid, and strong acids dissociate more. The added H+ ions increase the concentration, therefore, shifting the equilibrium. Based on the observations made, it could be said that the dichromate solution is stable under acidic conditions, while the chromate solution is stable under basic conditions. Iron-Thiocyanate Equilibrium In the fourth phase of the experiment, iron trichloride was reacted to thiocyanate giving way to this reaction, [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇄ [Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+ (aq) + H2O (l) The reaction produced a light orange solution, which was then tested to determine to which direction the equilibrium shifted when Fe3+, SCN- and NaCl were added. The result of the tests was as follows: 1.Addition of Fe3+ After FeCl3 was added to a sample of the solution, the light orange color of the solution became a darker shade of orange, which could be said to show a shift to the right. 2.Addition of SCN- After KSCN- was added to a sample of the solution, the shade of orange of the solution was lighter than the solution when FeCl3 was added, but darker than the original light orange color. It could then be said that the equilibrium shifted to the right. 3.Addition of NaCl Lastly, NaCl was added to a sample of the solution. It was observed that the resulting solution had a lighter shade of orange than that of the original. With this, it could be said that the equilibrium shifted to the left. The shift to the left of the equilibrium was brought about by the reaction of Cl- (from NaCl) with Fe(SCN)3. Cobalt-Cobalt Chloride Equilibrium The last and final phase of the experiment was on the reaction of cobalt dichloride and hydrochloric acid which could be formally written as, [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl- (aq) ⇄ [Co(Cl)4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) The first part of this phase reacted cobalt dichloride with hydrochloric acid. The pink color of the cobalt dichloride (Co2+) turned blue (CoCl42-) when hydrochloric acid was added. In the second part of this phase, the test tube containing cobalt dichloride was immersed in a boiling water bath. The pink color of the solution turned blue when the temperature increased. With this, it could be said that the equilibrium shifted to the right upon heating. When the temperature is increased at constant pressure, an exothermic reaction would proceed backward or shift to the left. In this case, the increase in temperature made the equilibrium shift to the right; therefore, the reaction is said to be endothermic. CONCLUSION The experiment basically could be summarized into the 5 different equilibrium states. First, the iron-silver equilibrium states that reactants and products could indeed co-exist in a system. Second, the copper-ammonia equilibrium states that certain chemicals could affect the state of equilibrium of a system. Third, the chromate-dichromate equilibrium states that increasing the acidity or basicity of the solution could either move the equilibrium forward or backward. Fourth, the iron-thiocyanate equilibrium states that â€Å"An increase in the concentration of the reactant or a decrease in the concentration of the product shifts the direction of the reaction towards the production of more products to return to the equilibrium position. On the contrary, a decrease in the concentration of the reactants or an increase in the concentration of the product shifts the equilibrium position towards the production of more reactants.† [3] Lastly, the cobalt-cobalt chloride equilibrium states that an increase in temperature in an endothermic reaction favors product formation, therefore shifting the equilibrium to the right. On the contrary, increasing the temperature in an exothermic reaction favors reactant formation causing a shift to the left. RECOMMENDATIONS The methods and procedures done in the experiment are sufficient to obtain the data and results needed. No further recommendation is needed. REFERENCES [1] Petrucci, Ralph et.al. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, 10th ed.; Pearson Canada: Toronto, Ontario, 2010. [2] Padolina, Ma. Cristina et.al. Conceptual and Functional Chemistry: Modular Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc.: Araneta, Quezon City, 2004. [3] Chemical Equilibrium. [Online]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/30015115/Expt-9-Chemical-Equilibrium (accessed last January 15, 2013)

How to Promote Tourism

How to Promote Tourism In the 1960s, internet was used to applying computers for sharing information on research and development in scientific and military fields. In 1962 a global network of computers was proposed by Licklider of MIT. The developing progress of using internet continued till 1991 when Tim Berners Lee proposed the concept of HTML .With the advent of the web browser, the internet has grown to become a information supplier and in the recent years a commercialization tool. The origin of the commercial use of internet mostly contained of vendors providing basic networking products, and basic internet services. Nowadays Internet is used as an global information infrastructure for supporting other commercial services (Baggio, 2007; Wu, 2010).In the last decades the performance of organizations and their competing way have influenced by internet (Porter, 1993). On the other hand internet has created a new economic environment for doing business, providing rapid communication of information, access ible globally and negligible cost (Rayman-Bacchus Molina, 2001). Internet provides a great deal of information directly accessible at low costs on prices, products and gain opportunities. The efficiency of internet has been increased by the multiplication of infomediaries offering easier access to the information, the creation of shopbots comparing prices or selecting sites according different choice criteria(Smith Brynjolfsson, 2001). Tourism and internet Tourism is particularly adapted to highlight the nature of the upheavals implied by the development of internet in service activities and it was one of the primal industries applying internet and electronic commerce (Buhalis, 1998; Oconnor Frew, 2008). Internet has enabled tourism industry to broadcast tourism and travel related information to customers all around the world , in a direct, cost minimizing , and time effective way(Buhalis, 1998; Inkpen Board, 1998; Poon, 1993; Sheldon, 1997). The era of mass communication has transformed the tourist gaze( Rayman-Bacchus and Molina 2001 p.592).The develpoment of the internet empowered the new tourist who is becoming knowledgeable and is seeking exceptional value for money and time. Internet is not only a source of information but also an important vector of transactions. Online sales is growing considerably in tourism industry (Jeong Ohand Mary, 2003; Weber, Murphy, Schegg, Murphy, 2005).The number of online sales is increasing dramatically with a large number of successful online booking platforms in the different areas of tourism such as transportation, accommodation, package deals or regional offers(Gratzer, Werthner, Winiwarter, 2004) and most tourism organizations such as hotels, airlines, and travel agencies have applied internet technologies as part of their marketing and communication strategies (Buhalis Law, 2008). The result of an European study about the use of internet in tourism showed that the use of internet for marketing purpose is more common in touism industry comparing with other industries. Finding showed that among tourism related industries, air travels and hotels apply internet marketing more than others. More than one in three tourist enterprise in Europe( or twice as many as in other sectors combined) sell their products online and this share is increasingly rapidly (European Commission 2003). Internet marketing is suitable for tourism services because of their intangibility as well as high price, risk, and involvement levels. By online searches, travelers can access to more in-depth materials and deeper content compared with conventional promotional agents(Govers FM, 2003). Internet is the most popular channel to research information, find the best price and reservation for travelers (Laudon Traver, 2001). Countries use internet to promote tourism to gain advantages such as (Buhalis Law, 2008) : Enhancement in the competitiveness and performance of tourism industry businesses ,creating opportunity for selling tourism product to potential tourists , displaying information at electronic speed, Distribution costs are decreased and an increasing proportion of internet users are buying online and tourism will gain a larger and larger share of online customer market.(Lu Lu, 2004), Direct communication is created between tourism suppliers and tourists for purchasing services and also requesting information. As a result travel suppliers can understand each customers needs, and therefore target each customer individually and deliver tailor-made products(Buhalis Law 2008). It is needless to say that it is essential that in order to obtain competitive advantage, a tourism enterprise/destination must use IT well before its competitors otherwise it would not be able to achieve any competitive advantage. For example American Hospital Supply made an innovative use of online order entry t erminals before its competitors and captured lions share of market (Eraqi, 2006). Several tourism organizations/destinations have exploited IT in their pursuit of competitive advantage. It is, however, not necessary that a tourism organization/destination achieving competitive edge will always sustain it because their competitors can copy IT easily and quickly and new IT capabilities are also available to every competitor in the market(OBrien, 1992). However, tourist business sector managers need to align IT strategies to their business strategies and take the dimensions of e-quality into consideration such as performance, features, reliability, durability, serviceability, conformance, perceived quality and aesthetics (Madu Madu, 2002) when making decision related to the use of IT for effective tourism strategic marketing(Eraqi, 2009) Tourism organization/destination management must understand that IT is only a tool and competitive advantage can only be achieved via creative and in novative use of that tool (Morrison et. al. 2000; Fuchs 2004). In addition to these advantages , it is suggested that public agencies involved in tourism development also are increasingly using the internet. These agencies use internet to promote the attractions of their respective nations, enhancing the economic benefits by :hypertext links to commercial service providers, varying degrees of interactivity ; and 3) accessibility in multiple languages( Rayman-Bacchus and Molina 2001). Chalwon Kim (2004) did a research to recognize problems and solutions related electronic commerce in the tourism industry in Korea. Inform. The findings showed that benefits of e-commerce from the view point of cutomers are : providing easy access to information on tourism services, providing better information on tourism services and providing convenience for customers. This research suggested that security of the e-commerce system and user-friendly web interface are the two key factors for successful tourism e-commerce practice Representation of tourism place in the internet In the tourism industry creation and promotion of destination images is the specific aspect of place representation. A destination image is the picture which those promoting a country-government travel bureaus, airlines, hotels, service industries, and travel companies- wish to portray to outsiders, particularly foreign tourists(Jenkins, 1999). The destination image reflects how the promoter views the country and what aspects of its people, landscape, and culture they wish to recognize. In tourism industry promoters ary to present positive of the countrys history and attractions, to attract visitors. Guide books, brochures, maps and websites are the products using by promoters to entice visitors(Price, 2008).Because of the popularity of using internet as the primary information source, among tourists ,travel information mediums, such as travel websites are important destination image indicators. The number of tourists that use internet to find destination information is increasing dr amatically . In the other hand internet has become the major information source for traveler (Doolin, Burgess, Cooper, 2002; Gursoy McCleary, 2004; Price, 2008; Wiig). A website looks to be a major tool to conduct business in the tourism field( and, probably, it will be the only one in the future) tool to conduct business in the tourism field (Doolin, et al., 2002). Jackson and Purcell (1997 p. 220) note that the internet allows users (i.e. tourism companies) to present information to their target audience without an intermediary to censor or structure the data in either content or form. In their analysis of the websites of states once part of Yugoslavia, they found that the states used symbolic imagery and text to strengthen the users perceptions of place (Purcell,1997 p.235).So tourism providers need to understand how to maximize the persuasiveness of their websites. In the other hand the principal role of destination website is affecting travel- related decision making, convert ing potential tourists to real visitors . Because of high competition among travel and hospitality , market leaders and followers should differentiate their websites by developing creative measures to attract and satisfy customers (Pastore, 2001). Pastore (2001) noted that leading travel companies have been absorbing online customers, gaining purchase decisions and building a satisfying experience , so creating customer loyalty and repeat purchase intention. It is essential for tourism companies to use new technological development and fullest potential of internet by continuously redesigning their websites ,creating ease of use and more personalization(Baloglu Pekcan, 2006; Connolly, Olsen, Moore, 1998). Because of high rate of competition among tourism industry, importance of website design as a marketing medium is becoming increasingly important . Web should not be only considered as an communication channel for decreasing physical interaction but also as an advertising medium(Rowley, 2004). Effective web design leads t o attract, entice, and retain the online traveler(D. Kim, Morrison, Taylor, Lee, 2004). There are some factors which, contributes to the proliferation of travel on the internet including: making websites easy to use, improving the tourism website information, improving the functionality of travel sites like advance check in, printing of flight status check and using the software that has designed to anticipate users wants based on their travel history and preferences (Transportation Group International, L.C.,2002). Doolin, Burgess, and Cooper (2002, p. 557) state thatthe internet, which offers global reach and multimedia capability, is an increasingly important means of promoting and distributing tourist information. Destination websites have developed to market and promote local, regional, or national destinations(Blain, Levy, Ritchie, 2005; Palmer McCole, 2000).After introducing first travel websites in the mid-1990s (Blain, et al., 2005), gaining these benefits were expected including: increasing market share, absorbing new customers, retaining more customers and increasing customer satisfaction (Sussmann Baker, 1996). Destination websites have been and continue to be challenged online particularly with regard to their level of sophistication, quality of websites, diversity of travel websites, as well as online marketing and promotion (Hudson Lang, 2002). The result of a study done by Choi, Wong and Fesenmaier (2006) revealed that design of destination websites, promotional strategies and customer relationship management programs have effects on success of web-marketing strategies. Tourism websites use online marketing in different capacities. For instance ,Hudson and Lang(2002) stated however ease of use factor that enables visitors navigate quickly through websites ,has noticed only in few tourism website designs. Another example is that some destination websites are still use elementary level of website features, without style and elegance , displaying information in a brochure-like mode, and low level of interaction ( Wang Fesenmaier, 2006). For instance destination websites should have deep information mostly regarding to attractions, shopping, restaurants, accommodation, and directions. It is worth considering that some tourism websites have advanced and effective features compare with their competitors. Interactivity , personalization, e-commerce related capabilities , and recommendation capabilities are some ways to increase the level of sophistication of travel websites (Wang Fesenmaier,2006). Furthermore, the content of tourism destination websites is particularly important because it directly influences the perceived image of the destination and creates a virtual experience for the consumer (Cooper 2002, p. 157). When visitors are new to the website and destination, experience and judgments made from surfing the website influence the overall image of the destination and the decision making process of whether or not to travel to the destination. If the destination image portrayed on the website is not satisfactory or the website is not well-designed and contains insufficient information, travellers are less likely to form a good impression towards a destination which, in turn, negatively influences the decision making process. There is a relationship between a positive experience and judgment formed through interaction with the destinaqtion website and actual visiting (Bar, Neta, Linz, 2006; Borkenau Liebler, 1992; Kenny, Horner, Kashy, Chu, 1992; Zebrowitz Collins, 1997). For example Wu (2010) analyzed 61 local tourism government websites in China and evaluated the effectiveness of the local tourism e-government with content analysis from the following aspects: website usage, administrative agencies, administration affairs, information service, administration service online and website design. The research suggested some improvements for the tourism government including: providing electronic map, connect telephone and multi media for download, building bbs or forum for advice, improving declare online for tourism practitioners and sett ing up feedback mechanism, making the website more attractive to enhance the usage efficiency. Website design It is important to indentify which factors lead to the success of a website. Web design is a key factor for the website success (Flavian, Gurrea, Orà ºs, 2009) and it is necessary for companies to compete in the extremely competitive World Wide Web (Liang Lai, 2002; Ranganathan Ganapathy, 2002; Tan Wei, 2007). The website designing has been studied from different points of view(Childers, Carr, Peck, Carson, 2001; Hoque Lohse, 1999; S. Kim Stoel, 2004; Liang Lai, 2002).Web designing is the process of creating an artefact with structure of form which is planned, artistic, purposeful, and useful(cato 2001 ,p.3). A successful website is the attractive, trustworthy, dependable, and reliable for customers (Liu Arnett, 2000). From a consumer point of view , all these characteristics should be considered in website designing in order to increase online visits or purchase intensions (cato 2001). Following this concept Flavian (2009) did a research to identify website aspects that in fluence users perceptions and behaviours from a marketing point of view .An extensive literature review was developed emphasising the special role that web design could play in the interaction user-interface. Besides, the methodology related to benchmarking allows firms to know the best practices and to learn some key lessons for developing their business online. The research proposed a guidelines for the development of successful e-commerce websites. Appearance ,Navigation, Content and Shopping process are the key aspects that shoud be considered in order to improve e-commerce websites. In the guidelines some tools have introduced for each aspect . Guidelines are basis for development of websites but some website designers without considering visitors needs , only notice to challenges of technology, designing sophisticated websites (Zhang 2005). Industry experts and consultants have proposed different frameworks and guidelines for designing commercial websites , but there is no uni fied view on its key characteristics .The key characteristics of commercial websites can be divided to design and content. Information, features and offering services by website consist content, while the way of presenting content to customers refers to website design(Huizingh, 2000). Buying process can be divided to two stages: information evaluation and information search. Purchase decision process is affected by the content of website. The website information should be sufficient for decision making, but not too much , resulting in information overload (Taylor Joudrey, 2004). Users should be allowed locate and select merchandise that best satisfies their needs. Not only information content but also navigation tools influences the usefulness of websites. Navigation toolslike search engines help users to locate merchandise and related information in a website (Krug, 2005).For example users of Cdnow.com can search based on the song title, album title and artist name. Before final purchase decision , consumers tend to evaluate of alternatives. Online shopping creates the opportunity to comparison of alternatives. Decision aids have positive influence on online purchase decisions .Some websites like Excite and My Simon offer decision aids , helping users for making product-price comparisons. For instance in Dells web site (www.dell.com) , consumer custom build a computer and compare prices for different computer configurations. Another example is Priceline website which offers calender as a decision aid. Decision aids can be useful in tourism destination websites. For instance destination website n can offer tools for trip-price comparisons based on different accommodations etc. Another significant different between traditional retailing and online selling is related to the extent of interaction between customer and seller. Commercial websites should serve electronic interactivity by means of email and frequently asked questions (FAQs),answering qu estions about products and services or payment. However consumers visit websites with FAQ more than websites without it, FAQ section and interactive email are not seen in many websites. Traditional FAQ sections helped users a little ,offering no assistance and information), flexible interactioninterface, etc(Yang, 2009). Despite of internet technical developments Such as electronic signatures ,Security of the transactions is one of the common concern in online shopping . Since perceived security have direct effect on online buying intention , some commercial websites offer telephonic transactions or checks and individual accounts (Grabner-Kraeuter, 2002). As it mentioned above website design affects on attracting , sustaining and retaining the interest of a customer at a site. The design have the same importance that content have. Ease of navigation, page download time and improving the visual appeal of websites by using multimedia are the principals should take into consideration for website designing. Out of these factors , ease of the navigation is the most important one(Srikant Yang, 2001).Today websites are becoming more complex and users have difficulties to find desired information, spending too much time ,surfing webs(Kilfoil, et al.). To reduce the amount of irrelevant information and infor mation overload , the common used tool is site map. The website information structure is defined by map, helping users to adjust the scope of their search. Some websites offer personalized sitemap which helps visitors navigation (Toolan Kusmerick, 2002). The other tool that websites can add to help users finding information is search toolbar. Despite the popularity of search toolbars, irrelevant and not sufficient information may be resulted(Han Kamber, 2006). The third solution to prevent overload and unwanted information is intelligent navigation aid tools, dividing to recommendation systems and adaptive website techniques . Some recommendation systems are collaborative filtering, content-based recommenders, utility-based recommenders, knowledge based recommenders, and demographic recommenders (Guttman, Moukas, Maes, 1998; Rich, 1979; Towle Quinn, 2000). Other one is adaptive website.The word adaptive refers to the ability of the website or tool to change its behavior based on the way it is used(Schafer, Konstan, Riedi, 1999).Two ways for building adaptive websites are: improving the website design as a whole or providing personalized navigation aid for individual visitors (Spiliopoulou Pohle, 2001). In the past information quality or usability have been considered as the most influential aspect of tourism websites for perusing visitors but now new strategies are needed to use website as a persuasive tool (H. Kim Fesenmaier, 2008). Figure 2.4 shows the progress of technology design(Fogg, et al., 2002). Foggs (2002) noted that it is important to understand how persuasive design of destination websites can be used to support conversion rates (converting site viewers to site users and moderate users to heavy users)and to create favorable images of destinations. The website that successfully persuade travel information searchers elicit a click-though (the desired outcome), which gives the website a second opportunity to interact with the searcher . When they first view the websites homepage, searchers automatically evaluate the website in terms of relevance and usefulness to their trip planning task. Make Technology Persuasive Make Technology Usable Make Technology Functional Figure 2.4 Progress of Technology Design Persuasion is the principal role of destination websites and it is important to understand how to use website design to create favorable images of destination and convert more site viewers to customers .Design of the website can increase persuasiveness in order to influence Internet users beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes in the manner desired by Internet marketers (Fogg, et al., 2001). Zhang and von Dran (2002)(P. Zhang von Dran, 2002) extended Herzbergs dual structure model to an online context to investigate hygiene andmotivating factors in Web design. In accordance with Herzberg, Zhang and von Dran(2002) argued that websites should necessarily include hygiene factors to avoid user dissatisfaction, while motivating factors can be employed on an added-value basis to optimize user satisfaction and enjoyment. And collection), while additional features like credibility, fun/entertainment, visual attractiveness, multimedia, etc are persuasive factors since they enhance the experienc e affectively. Websites should always incorporate hygiene factors like like informativeness and usability, while additional elements (trustworthiness, inspiration, involvement, and reciprocity) of destination websites should be considered persuasive variables(Y. Zhang Hiltz, 2003). By contrast, good examples of a motivating factor are, multimedia features (virtual tour, podcast, etc.) that enhance website visitors satisfaction with their experience and motivate their return to the site. The absence of these features would not necessarily lead to dissatisfaction with the website, as long as hygiene factors are provided (Zhang 2000). Kim (2008) studied the persuasive design of destination websites, proposing a conceptual model of first impression formation toward tourism destination websites .The influence of informativeness, usability, inspiration, involvement ,trustworthiness and reciprocity on tourists first impression were analyzed in this study. In the other word the purpose of the study was to investigate what persuasive design characteristics influence the formation of first impression toward destination websites. Result showed that informativeness is the most effective factor Perceived Persuasiveness. Destination websites must be informative and useful. In most cases, trip planners, however, tend to infer anticipated quality of information through website design. Thus, design of destination websites must be supportive for the contents. Certainly, informativeness must be conveyed, but a website that does not create a favourable impression at the beginning is typically not given a further chance to demonstr ate its value. informativeness, inspiration and involvement have direct effects on a first impression, and impression is directly related to an intention to use the website for trip planning. These results suggest that the Limited Completion Group of trip planners is more influenced by the visual attractiveness of Web design and their choice of website is accordingly based on the extent of a destination websites purely aesthetic appeal. In contrast, the Full Completion Group of trip planners is more likely to be influenced by the utility of destination websites. In other words, the more functional benefits the websites seem to provide, the more favorable their impression will be. This study identified six underlying dimensions of persuasiveness in destination websites, but it did not investigate the website elements that correspond to respective dimension of persuasiveness. Baggio, R. (2007). The web graph of a tourism system. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 379(2), 727-734. Baloglu, S., Pekcan, Y. (2006). The website design and internet site marketing practices of upscale and luxury hotels in Turkey. Tourism Management, 27(1), 171-176. Bar, M., Neta, M., Linz, H. (2006). Very first impressions. Emotion, 6(2), 269-278. Blain, C., Levy, S., Ritchie, J. (2005). Destination branding: Insights and practices from destination management organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4), 328. Borkenau, P., Liebler, A. (1992). Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4), 645-657. Buhalis, D. (1998). Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry. 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The Charater of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire :: Streetcar Named Desire

The Charater of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire In 'A Streetcar Named Desire' we focus on three main characters. One of these characters is a lady called Blanche. As the play progresses, we gradually get to know more about Blanche and the type of person she really is in contrast to the type of person that she would like everybody else to think she is. Using four main mediums, symbolism and imagery, Blanche's action when by herself, Blanche's past and her dialogue with others such as Mitch, Stanley and the paperboy, we can draw a number of conclusions about Blanche until the end of Scene Five. Using the fore mentioned mediums we can deter that Blanche is deceptive, egotistical and seductive. The writer, Tennesse Williams uses symbolism and imagery to help convey the idea that Blanche is deceptive, egotistical and seductive. We can clearly discover how deceptive Blanche is by the symbolism that Williams uses throughout the play. One can note how Blanche continually wears white dresses or a red kimono when she is being especially flirtatious, so that she makes people think that she is innocent and pure. In Scene Five Blanche's white dress, a symbol of purity is stained which is symbolic of the fact that Blanche if far from being pure. Blanche's world hinges on illusion and deception as can be seen when Blanche pours her heart out to Stella in scene five, "soft people... have got to be seductive... make a little - temporary magic". Blanche feels that she must trick and deceive in order to survive in a world where she is "fading now!" and her looks are leaving her. We are introduced to Blanche as a "delicate beauty" that "must avoid strong light". Williams, portr ays Blanche as an uncertain character who hides behind the veneer of outer beauty and who when is placed under the spotlight, fails to live up to the person she would like people to think that she is. Williams also provides strong imagery of her as a moth, as she is dressed in white clothes and is fluttering. This imagery of Blanche as a moth is further emphasised when Blanche herself later states, "put on soft colours, the colours of butterfly wings and glow".

Various Essays On Goldings Lord Of The Flies -- essays research pape

1. Given that Piggy represents society and its rules, he must have found his situation on the island disturbing at the least. At first, there is no organized social structure of any kind; no position of leadership existed. There was an absence of rules. This must have been very disturbing to Piggy. Then, as the story progresses, a sort of chain of leadership emerges with Ralph being voted as â€Å"chief.† â€Å"Ralph raised his hand for silence. ‘All right. Who wants Jack for chief?’ With dreary obedience the choir raised their hands. ‘Who wants me?’ Every hand outside the choir except Piggy’s was raised immediately. Then, Piggy too, raised his hand grudgingly into the air. Ralph counted. ‘I’m chief then.’†(LoF p21). Then, a little bit later, Ralph brings up the idea of rules: â€Å"Jack was on his feet. ‘We’ll have rules!’ he cried excitedly. Lots of rules! Then when anyone breaks them-’à ¢â‚¬ (LoF p33). When the â€Å"hunters† kill their first pig is when we start to see signs of a more primal society, or lack thereof. They repeat the chant, â€Å"Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood.† Piggy obviously if fed up with Jack and his hunters, asking, â€Å"What are we? Humans? Or animals? Or savages? What’s grownups going to think?’†(LoF p.91). And then, Ralph’s authority is challenged by Jack. Jack first disregards the rule of letting the person with conch speak without interruption. Then he directly challenges Ralph, saying, â€Å"And you shut up! Who are you, anyway? Sitting there, telling people what to do. You can’t hunt, you can’t sing-’†(LoF p91). From this confrontation is goes downhill on the island. On pg. 114, a â€Å"game† gets a little out of hand, when Robert pretends to be the pig, and the others pretend to hunt him, but then they become more serious and actually hurt hi m. He is not killed, however. Eventually, Jack and some of the other boys split apart from Ralph and his â€Å"group.† Jack and his hunting band kill another pig savagely, reveling in its agony. The â€Å"peak of their decline† was when they killed Simon, calling him a beast, during the storm. Then Piggy is killed, and the conch is shattered, and that is when I consider them to be at the absolute lowest in society: nothing more than savages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. In the novel, Sam and Eric are introduced early as two separate people, beings, that resemble one entity. â€Å"Even while he blew, Ralph noticed the last pai... ... stood on the sand, looking down at Ralph in wary astonishment.†(LoF p200). The attire of the boys and the officer also stand in stark contrast. The officer is dressed with a military neatness, with a clean, decorated uniform, most likely clean, shaved, etc. The boys, however are in need of hair cuts, most of them are covered with clay, and they’re probably wearing the tattered remains of shorts or pants. Despite how much more â€Å"civilized† the officer must look than the children, an irony remains. This officer represents adult life, responsible, capable, but really bearing the same prospect for evil as the â€Å"savages†. This officer, who interrupted a manhunt, is going to rescue the children and take them off of the island, but to where? To a cruiser that will soon be hunting its enemy in the sam way as the savages hunted Ralph. To me, the irony is that although the officer and his cruiser seem to be so much more civilized than these little savage s, he isn’t. It’s just like what â€Å"the Beast† told Simon. No matter where you go, you can’t get away from him. Because this â€Å"Beast†, this capability for evil, exists in everyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

character plot death of a sales men :: essays research papers

Willy Loman is the main character and protagonist of the play. He has been a traveling salesman, the lowest of positions, for the Wagner Company for thirty-four years. Never very successful in sales, Willy has earned a meager income and owns little. His refrigerator, his car, and his house are all old - used up and falling apart, much like Willy. Willy, however, is unable to face the truth about himself. He kids himself into believing that he is well liked by his customers in the New England territory and by the company, who is sure to give him a promotion or opportunity to make more income. Willy's dream is to become like Dave Singleman, who was very popular with his clients and able to do business by just making phone calls. Because he was so well liked, when Singleman died, customers from all over his region came to his funeral. Willy dares to believe that his funeral will be similar to Singleman's. Ironically, when Willy commits suicide, almost no one attends the funeral, proving the error of his philosophies. Throughout his life, Willy believed that if one was attractive and well liked, everything would be perfect. The doors would automatically open for such a man, and he was sure to be successful. In order to believe that he and his family are successes, Willy lies to himself and lives in a world of illusions. He says of himself that he is well liked in all the towns he visits and by all the customers that he calls on; he also erroneously believes that he is vital to the New England territory and will some day receive a promotion for his hard work. He even lies to himself, and then his boss, about how much he actually earns. Because he wants to prove to himself that he is well liked, Willy has at least one affair, attracting the young woman by offering to purchase her a pair of silk stockings. When Biff discovers his father in the hotel room with the woman, he recognizes Willy for what he is and calls him a liar and a fake. Willy also lives in a world of illusions about his two sons. He is convinced that Happy is a content, successful young man who will soon become a store manager. In truth, Happy is a loser, like his father, who lives in his own world of illusions and contributes to keeping Willy in his fantasies.

Deontology and the Categorical Imperative

First, let us examine what it means to act in a deontological manner. Demonology is â€Å"the normative ethical position that Judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules† (â€Å"Ethics-virtue†, Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy). For someone to act in a deontological manner, he must follow a course of action not because it causes the greatest amount of good to either themselves or others, but because it is the â€Å"right† thing to do. A deontological believes that it is their â€Å"duty† to follow these moral imperatives, and it is these values which are the basis which Emmanuel Kant bases his Categorical Imperative on.In Kantian, a theory of demonology developed by Emmanuel Kant based on his Categorical Imperative, we should make decisions based on our duty to others and that it is not the action's consequences which make it right or wrong, but the motives of the individual who is carrying them out (Kant, Emmanue l. 1780. â€Å"Preface†). For example, if I say, I do not murder other human beings because I would not wish others to murder, I am behaving deontological because as a society we would not wish murder to become a universal rule.Similarly, I would not wish someone to secretly defraud Investors and embezzle company money, but more on that soon. If a person is to act in this decidedly UN;deontological manner, they might have justified it in one of two likely other manners. The first non-deontological theory we someone could operate with is utilitarianism. In this moral theory, â€Å"the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, specifically defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering† (Utilitarianism. N. D. ) In Wisped. Retrieved January 20, 2013, from http:// ordering others, we still do not wish this to occur but this time it is because the act of murder does not maximize happiness as a society. The loss of an individual in this manner would detract from the whole be it either from a production stand-point, or because of the emotion detriment it brings others. Misuse of a corporation's funds could be Justified in a certain scenario, so we will add this to our toolbox of motives for now.A second non-deontological moral theory we must examine is the idea of egotism. With egotism, a person's primary drive is to enhance their own interests – be they intellectual, physical, societal, or otherwise – over the interests of others (Egotism. (n. D. ) In Wisped). Within the context of our example about murder, an egotist does not wish for murder to exist simply because he or she would not wish to be murdered. Within the scope of business operations, this ideology would seem to form the basis of most practices.While the advancement of a corporation would be paramount in the eyes of those with the most vested interest, this moral guideline can be disastrous in a society that does not share this belief as the rule of th e land. Let us now look at two of the ethical problems raised by the Delphic Communications case. The first problem we will examine is the fact that Delphic was using two different sets of accounting books, one with doctored numbers that was given to investors, and one which showed the true finances and what was being manipulated for the fraudulent figures.This, according to testimony produced by James R. Brown, Dahlia's former vice president of finance (Grant, 2004, p. CLC). Members of the Riggs family were ultimately indicted for looting the company of more the $100 million and aiding $2 billion in debt. Regardless of an argument of either this being a cover-up in order to hide the Riggs family's personal use of company funds, or merely a tactic to delay investor outrage in order to settle outstanding debts incurred by Delphic operations, this cannot be considered a deontological based maneuver.Adherence to ones duty to the company and its core operations is contrary to these kind s of behavior. Also, under no circumstance would lying biblically about a company's well- being in a capitalistic society be considered as being desirable as a normative rule. At best, if this were done as to buy the company time to right its finances, this action could be eschewed as utilitarian if the underlying goal was to prevent panic on Wall SST. And to maximize society's net worth.Likelier, this was an egotistic based motive in order for the Riggs family to continue their practices of using the company as their personal â€Å"piggy-bank† as it were. There is evidence of this being the case based upon the next ethical issue we will address. During the course of investigations carried out in the course of this case, it was covered that members of the Riggs family had also used corporate money to finance a golf-course on private family property of theirs (The SEC, 2002).Much like the previously mentioned ethical problem, it is difficult to determine in what, if any, way t his action could be eschewed as either a deontological or categorically imperative decision. If it were the norm for members of any company with access to corporate funding to use them on private projects without prior approval, there would be few corporations which would be able to operate in much of any capacity. Dominant having misappropriated funds that were allocated for actual business operations.Even when viewed in light of a utilitarian stand-point, the Jobs which would have been created through the construction and operation of said golf-course would not have warranted an unauthorized expenditure of this magnitude outside of the company's normal business operations. The member of the Riggs family who authorized the use of these funds should have instead chosen to use his own capital in order to finance this endeavor if it was truly that necessary. Utilizing Dahlia's none in order to build this project falls categorically within the scope of an egotist method of reasoning.Th ese couple examples were but a few highlights that were uncovered during the course of the Delphic indictment. Members of the Riggs family might not have seen an end to their empire had they taken a step back and evaluated not only the consequences of their actions, but the rationale behind what they were doing. Demonology and categorical imperatives, like most morale methodologies, are difficult to apply in every scenario. Doing what is right for the sake of its rightness, or because t is your duty to perform in a specific way can fail in an instance of grave social importance.As instanced in the threaded discussion this week, if a programmer of nuclear missile technologies learns of an attack by his employer against another nation does his or her duty lie with the attacker or those who would be attacked? Of the moral decision making tools discussed in this paper, Egotism, Utilitarianism, Demonology, and Categorical Imperatives all provide a different answer to the question in hand . The members of the Riggs family might still feel they are in the eight if their ill gains were greater than the pain of imprisonment from a strictly Egotistic model.